Religion and sex integration

Religion and sex integration

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Religion and sex integration is the association of religion with the return of equality for women and the intermixing of women in religion. Members of both human sexes are capable of faith and spirituality. But, for the past 2,000 years, male control of religion has suppressed the female religious experience, pushing women back into an inferior standing.[1] The single most significant predictor of female labor force participation across countries is religion: religion alone can explain 35% of the cross-country variations in female participation rates over time.[2]
Contents

1 Original equality
2 Spatial symbolism
3 God and deity
4 Sex integration and ancient Egyptian religion
4.1 Egyptian goddesses
4.2 Priests and priestesses
5 Sex integration and ancient Roman religion
5.1 Roman goddesses
5.2 Prophetess
5.3 Service of deities
5.4 Cults and games
5.5 Priestess
5.6 Women from powerful families
6 Early sex integration in Judaism
7 Monotheism and sex integration
8 Female Pope
9 Sex re-integration in religion
10 Neopaganism
11 Sacredness
12 See also
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links

[edit] 1 Original equality

The San people of southern Africa are among the five populations with the highest measured levels of genetic diversity and may be the most basal branch of the phylogenetic tree comprising all living humans. The status of women is relatively equal.[3] Sex segregation appears to be limited. San women gather fruit, berries, tubers, bush onions and other plant materials for the band's consumption. San men traditionally hunt using poison arrows and spears in laborious, long excursions. Kudu, antelope, deer, dikdik, and buffalo are important game animals. The San offer thanks to the animal's spirit after it has been killed.

Traditions of approximate sex equality find their origins in the Qur'an.[4]
[edit] 2 Spatial symbolism

The cosmological order underlying Polynesian notions of aristocracy apparently originating from high volcanic islands is compromised by spatial ambiguities when living on an atoll consisting of a ring of islets, and the hierarchical social order becomes insupportable leading to a more egalitarian basis for social relations.[5]
[edit] 3 God and deity

At many times throughout human history an occasional god or deity is male or female. Neith was an early goddess in the Egyptian pantheon. Ishtar was the main goddess of Babylonia and Assyria. In pre-Islamic Mecca, the goddesses Uzza, al-Manāt and al-Lāt were known as "the daughters of god". And, the Greek and Roman ruling male gods were named Zeus and Jupiter, respectively. In the years near the birth of Jesus Christ, Judaism included the worship of a goddess (probably Astarte).[1] Hinduism concedes that the divine can have human form and even be a woman.[1] And, it has many goddesses. There were also hundreds of Greek and Roman goddesses.
[edit] 4 Sex integration and ancient Egyptian religion

In ancient Egyptian religion as with others, women were goddesses and priestesses.
[edit] 4.1 Egyptian goddesses
See also: Isis
See also: Maat

Isis was a goddess in Ancient Egyptian religious beliefs. She was worshiped as the ideal mother and wife as well as the matron of nature and magic.

Maat was another goddess, personified as a young woman,[6] who regulated the stars and the seasons. She was the Ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice. The Egyptian law preserved the rights of women who were allowed to act independently of men and own substantial personal property and in time this influenced the more restrictive conventions of the Greeks and Romans.[7]
[edit] 4.2 Priests and priestesses

There were both priests and priestesses officiating at Isis cult rituals throughout its entire history. By the Greco-Roman era, many of them were healers, and were said to have many other special powers, including dream interpretation and the ability to control the weather, which they did by braiding or not combing their hair.
[edit] 5 Sex integration and ancient Roman religion
Main article: Religion in ancient Rome
See also: Women in Ancient Rome

While ancient Rome and its subsequent empire had many restrictions against women, many women engaged in politics, government and religion, usually behind the scenes. Some aspects of ancient Roman religion involved women and men. Deities existed of either sex. Prophets and prophetesses were known. Women and men could serve deities.
[edit] 5.1 Roman goddesses
Tellus, chthonic mother of the fruitful earth, flanked by Venus (left) and Ceres. From the Augustan Ara Pacis, consecrated in 9 BC.

Rome was founded by descendants of Aeneas, a descendant of Venus. The Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus founded a Capitoline temple to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. Servius Tullius built the Aventine Temple to Diana.

By late antiquity, numerous foreign cults had gained vast popularity in the farthest reaches of the Empire, including the mystery cult of the syncretized Egyptian goddess Isis.
[edit] 5.2 Prophetess

The motives of private haruspices – especially females – and their clients were officially suspect: none of this seems to have troubled the populist politician-general Gaius Marius, who employed a Syrian prophetess.[8]
[edit] 5.3 Service of deities

Some deities such as Vesta were served by women.
[edit] 5.4 Cults and games

Most cults and games (ludi) did not forbid the presence of women. Some specifically required it.
[edit] 5.5 Priestess

The public cult to Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame, was served by six virgin priestesses. In one strand of Rome's foundation myth, Romulus and Remus were fathered by Mars or Hercules on a Vestal virgin of royal blood. Another tradition held that Rome's sixth king was fathered by a disembodied phallus on a virgin slave-girl who served at the royal hearth: the cult objects stored in Vesta's temple included a phallus and the Penates and Lares of the Roman state.[9] A girl chosen to be a Vestal Virgin achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence.

Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia (wife of Augustus).[10] They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions at least until the Christian emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus and began the dissolution of their order: his successor Theodosius I extinguished Vesta's sacred fire and vacated her temple.
[edit] 5.6 Women from powerful families

The empress Helena was a driving force in establishing Christianity as the official religion of Rome.
[edit] 6 Early sex integration in Judaism

The worship of a goddess in Judaism occurred near the birth of Jesus Christ.[1]
[edit] 7 Monotheism and sex integration

In the worship of Aten is the apparent abandonment of all other gods and the debatable introduction of monotheism by Akhenaten.[11] The god is considered to be both masculine and feminine simultaneously. Akhenaten died in 1336 BC or 1334 BC.

Although God is referred to in the Hebrew Bible with masculine imagery and grammatical forms, Jewish philosophy does not attribute to God either sex or gender.[12] At times, Jewish aggadic literature and Jewish mysticism do treat God as gendered, though these are not uniformly masculine or feminine.

The majority of Christians believe that God transcends gender.[13][14][15]

In the Qur'an, Allah is most often referred to with the pronouns Hu or Huwa, and although these are commonly translated as him, they can also be translated gender-neutrally, as it. This is also true of the feminine equivalent, Hiya. Allah is neither male nor female, and is said to transcend gender. It is considered blasphemy for Allah to be placed in a human or animal sexual gender category. Qur'an 112:3-4 states: "He begets not, nor is He begotten. And none is like Him." Other references include the first person pronoun, and the relative pronoun ma (that which), as in the phrase "the heavens and that which created them" (Qur'an 91:5).
[edit] 8 Female Pope
Pope Joan with tiara as the Whore of Babylon.

Against the weight of historical evidence to the contrary, the question remains as to why the Pope Joan story has been so often believed and revisited. Some, such as Philip Jenkins in The New Anti-Catholicism, have suggested that the periodic revival of what he calls this "anti-papal legend" has more to do with feminist and anti-Catholic wishful thinking than historical accuracy.[16]
[edit] 9 Sex re-integration in religion

On July 29, 1974, eleven women were ordained as priests in the Episcopal Church.[17] The possibility of allowing women to be ordained clergy first arose in the Episcopal Church in 1920 at a Lambeth, England, conference of the Anglican Communion.[17] Meeting in Houston in 1970, the General Convention voted to allow women to be ordained as deacons on the same basis as men.[17] A resolution was presented that interpreted "bishop", "priest", and "deacon" as including both males and females.[17] In November 1972, the House of Bishops, meeting in New Orleans, voted to approve the ordination of women as priests and bishops.[17] As of 1999 for a total of 17,117 ordained clergy in the Episcopal Church, 14,077 were men and 3,040 were women.[18]

The Presbyterian Church in the United States of America is another female-ordaining denomination.[18] Both the numbers of denominations sanctioning women's ordination, and the numbers of women actually entering the ministry, have increased dramatically since 1970.[19]

In Roman Catholic churches, men and women sit together in most Western Catholic parishes.[20] Due to a shortage of male priests most of the three hundred priestless Roman Catholic parishes in the United States are "pastored" by women.[21] In the 1960s and early 1970s, sex integration in American Catholic institutions of higher education virtually overwhelmed previous segregation.[22]

Apparently, there are women clerics of Islam in Central Asia.[23] And, women Mullahs exist in the Islamic Republic of Iran, although not officially sanctioned.[24]

Within the various Jewish denominations there are different requirements for rabbinic ordination, and differences in opinion regarding who is to be recognized as a rabbi. Almost all types of Judaism ordain women as rabbis and cantors.

Within the Australian labour market, 'ministers of religion' is one of the least sex integrated occupations.[25]
[edit] 10 Neopaganism
A Wiccan altar belonging to Doreen Valiente, displaying the Wiccan view of sexual duality in divinity.
Main article: Paganism (contemporary religions)

Contemporary Pagan religious movements are extremely diverse, with a wide range of beliefs such as polytheism, animism, and pantheism. Many Pagans practise a spirituality that is entirely modern in origin, while others attempt to accurately reconstruct or revive indigenous, ethnic religions as found in historical and folkloric sources.[26]

In Wicca, (especially Dianic Wicca) the concept of an Earth or Mother Goddess similar to the Greek Gaia is emphasized. Male counterparts are usually also evoked, such as the Green Man and the Horned God (who is loosely based on the Celtic Cernunnos.) These Duotheistic philosophies tend to emphasize the God and Goddess' (or Lord and Lady's) genders as being complementary opposites analogous to that of yin and yang in ancient Chinese philosophy. Many Oriental philosophies equate weakness with femininity and strength with masculinity; this is not the prevailing attitude in Paganism and Wicca.[27] Among many Pagans, there is a strong desire to incorporate the female aspects of the divine in their worship and within their lives, which can partially explain the attitude which sometimes manifests as the veneration of women.[28]
[edit] 11 Sacredness

When asked to explain the victories of the civil rights movement, activists often reply, "God was on our side."; thereby positioning segregationists clearly across the fence.[29]

Segregation may be unconstitutional and a sin, making segregationists heretics.[29]

Male cadets at United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) having a preference for a two-career family (rather than a breadwinner, housewife model) are more likely to believe females can succeed at the USAFA, and those who think of themselves as more politically conservative and who take the position that their religion is the only one true faith are less enthusiastic about taking orders from a female officer than those who are less conservative and more open to other faiths.[30]
[edit] 12 See also

Achieving sex integration
Coeducation
Cognitive science
Egalitarianism
Gender inequality
Individualism
Leadership
Occupational inequality
Occupational sexism
Occupational sex segregation
Origin of sex segregation
Religion
Sex differences in humans
Sex integration
Sex integration and homosexuality
Sex integration and patriarchy/matriarchy
Sexism
Sex segregation
Sex segregation and religion
Skill
Social equality
Spirituality
Teamwork
Violence and sex integration

[edit] 13 References

^ a b c d Nelson HR (2006). The Beginning of Today's Major Religions In: The Evolution of Humankind So Where Are We Now?. New york: Vantage Press, Inc.. pp. 41–54. ISBN 0-533-15306-9.
^ Psacharopoulos G, Tzannatos Z (1991). Psacharopoulos G. ed. Female Labor Force Participation and Education In: Essays in Equity, Poverty and Growth. Pergamon Press.
^ Marjorie Shostak (1983). Nisa: The Life and Words of a ?Kung Woman. New York: Vintage Books. p. 13.
^ Best M, French A, Martin ML, Sarvaananda S. "Spiritual care services in emergency medicine".
^ Feinberg R (Jul 1988). "Socio-spatial symbolism and the logic of rank on two Polynesian outliers". Ethnology. 27 (3): 291–310.
^ Robert A. Armour (2001). Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt. American Univ in Cairo Press. pp. 167. ISBN 9774246691.
^ "The Greek World", Anton Powell, Routledge, p. 303, 1997, ISBN 0-415-17042-7
^ Cicero finds all forms of divination false, except those used in State rituals; most Romans were less skeptical. See Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed), 300, and Orlin, in Rüpke (ed), 67.
^ Variants of this miraculous virgin-impregnation were widespread in ancient Latium.
^ Beard et al., Vol. 1, 193-4.
^ Jan Assmann (2005). Religion and Cultural Memory: Ten Studies. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. p. 59.
^ "G-d has no body, no genitalia, therefore the very idea that G-d is male or female is patently absurd. We refer to G-d using masculine terms simply for convenience's sake, because Hebrew has no neutral gender; G-d is no more male than a table is." Judaism 101. "The fact that we always refer to God as 'He' is also not meant to imply that the concept of sex or gender applies to God." Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan, The Aryeh Kaplan Reader, Mesorah Publications (1983), p. 144
^ David Bordwell, 2002, Catechism of the Catholic Church,Continuum International Publishing ISBN 978-0-86012-324-8 page 84
^ "Deum humanam sexuum transcendere distinctionem. Ille nec vir est nec femina, Ille est Deus." From "Pater per Filium revelatus", Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae. (Citta del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1993): 1-2-1-1-2 ¶ 239. (Official English translation)
^ An inclusive-language lectionary: Readings for Year B (Revised ed.). National Council of Churches. pp. 12. ISBN 978-0664240592.
^ Jenkins, Philip (2003-04-17). The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice. Oxford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-19-515480-0.
^ a b c d e Foss SK (Sep 1984). "Women priests in the Episcopal Church: a cluster analysis of establishment rhetoric". Religious Commun Today 7: 1–11.
^ a b Sullins P (2000). "The Stained Glass Ceiling: Career Attainment for Women Clergy". Sociol Religion 61 (3): 243–66.
^ Chaves M (1993).
^ Dickemann M (1997). Murray SO, Roscoe W. ed. The Balkin Sworn Virgin: A Cross-Gendered Female Role In: Islamic homosexualities: culture, history, and literature. New York: New York University Press. pp. 197–203.
^ Chaves M (1999). Ordaining women: Culture and conflict in religious organizations. Cambridge, Massachusetts: First Harvard University Press. pp. 237. ISBN 0-674-64145-0.
^ Poulson SL, Miller-Bernal L (2004). Miller-Bernal L, Poulson SL. ed. Two Unique Histories of Coeduation in: Going Coed: Women's Experiences in Formerly Men's Colleges and Universities, 1950-2000. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 22–54. ISBN 0-8265-1449-9.
^ Fathi H (Mar 1997). "Otines: The unknown women clerics of Central Asian Islam". Central Asian Survey 16 (1): 27–43. doi:10.1080/02634939708400967.
^ Hoodfar H (2004). Obermeyer CM. ed. Reproductive health counselling in the Islamic Republic of Iran: the role of women Mullahs in: Cultural perspectives on reproductive health. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 153–74. ISBN 0-19-924689-0.
^ Alison Preston and Gillian Whitehouse (September 2004). "Gender differences in occupation of employment within Australia". Australian Journal of Labour 7 (3): 309-27.
^ Adler, Margot (1979, revised and updated 1986, 1996, 2006). Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess Worshippers and Other Pagans in America. New York, NY: Penguin Books. pp. 3–4 (1986 ed.). ISBN 0143038192.
^ York, Michael. Pagan Theology: Paganism as a World Religion. New York: NYU Press, 2003. Pg 22–23. ISBN 0-8147-9708-3.
^ Clifton, Chas. "A Goddess Arrives." Gnosis Fall 1988: 20–29.
^ a b Dailey J (Jun 2004). "Sex, Segregation, and the Sacred after Brown". J Amer Hist. 91 (1): 119–44.
^ David R. McCone, Wilbur J. Scott (2009). Giuseppe Caforio. ed. Thirty years of gender integration: cadet perceptions of women at the US Air force academy, in: Advances in Military Sociology: Essays in Honor of Charles C. Moskos (Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development. 12. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 213-40. doi:10.1108/S1572-8323(2009)000012B014. PMID isbn=978-1-84855-892-2.

[edit] 14 Further reading

Best M, French A, Martin ML, Sarvaananda S. "Spiritual care services in emergency medicine".
Gross RM (2004). "The dharma of gender". Contemp Budd. 5 (1): 3–13.
Harriman A (1996). Women/men/management Second Edition. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 260. ISBN 0-275-94684-3.

[edit] 15 External links

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(cur | prev) 2011-06-01T20:03:55 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (20,126 bytes) (→See also: Adding a link.) (undo)
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(cur | prev) 2010-11-04T23:40:40 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) m (19,931 bytes) (→Original equality: Fixing verb tense.) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-09-13T01:25:38 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (19,932 bytes) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-09-13T01:16:00 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (19,989 bytes) (→Sex re-integration in religion) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-09-13T01:07:52 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (19,466 bytes) (→Women from powerful families) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-09-13T00:59:23 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (18,900 bytes) (→Sex re-integration in religion) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-31T22:45:13 FrescoBot (talk | contribs) m (17,923 bytes) (Bot: links syntax and spacing) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-25T02:06:10 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (17,921 bytes) (→Sex re-integration in religion) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-25T01:40:00 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (17,640 bytes) (→Monotheism and sex integration) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-25T01:34:29 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (16,951 bytes) (→Monotheism and sex integration) (undo)
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(cur | prev) 2010-08-22T00:58:58 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (15,376 bytes) (→Goddesses) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-22T00:55:27 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (15,367 bytes) (→Sex re-integration in religion) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-14T00:29:03 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (14,891 bytes) (→God and deity) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-14T00:17:43 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (14,868 bytes) (→External links) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-14T00:01:03 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (14,564 bytes) (→God and deity) (undo)
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(cur | prev) 2010-08-13T23:06:13 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (13,113 bytes) (→External links) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-13T22:56:48 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (12,973 bytes) (→God and deity) (undo)
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(cur | prev) 2010-08-10T08:33:06 The Anome (talk | contribs) (9,546 bytes) ({{merge|Religion and sex segregation}}) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-10T08:27:30 The Anome (talk | contribs) (9,542 bytes) ({{merge|Sex segregation and religion}}) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-10T04:38:09 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (9,502 bytes) (undo)
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(cur | prev) 2010-07-18T11:58:43 The Anome (talk | contribs) (7,235 bytes) ({{copyedit}}: this article needs massive overhaul + merging) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-07-18T11:57:55 The Anome (talk | contribs) (7,222 bytes) (sp.) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-07-18T11:57:35 The Anome (talk | contribs) (7,221 bytes) (removing mere repetition of definitions of sprituality and religion: this is what hyperlinks are for) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-07-18T11:55:04 The Anome (talk | contribs) (9,367 bytes) ("Subject to sex differences, women can do anything as well as men." -- the first clause undermines the second -- what does this mean?) (undo)
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(cur | prev) 2010-07-18T11:26:11 The Anome (talk | contribs) (10,147 bytes) ({{merge|Sex segregation and religion}}) (undo)
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(cur | prev) 2010-07-18T11:21:07 The Anome (talk | contribs) (10,108 bytes) (inner path) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-05-16T15:01:55 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (10,104 bytes) (→External links) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-05-16T14:55:13 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (10,090 bytes) (→Function) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-05-08T06:31:58 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (10,057 bytes) (→God and deity) (undo)
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(cur | prev) 2010-05-08T05:36:47 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (8,555 bytes) (→Function) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-05-08T05:11:00 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (7,752 bytes) (→See also) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-05-08T04:32:29 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (6,589 bytes) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-05-08T04:01:07 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (6,136 bytes) (←Created page with '"Spiritual differences are also informed by faith tradition and/or a system of beliefs, be it Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, ...')

Talk:Religion and sex integration

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[edit] Suggestion to merge articles

Religion and sex segregation deals with the association of sex segregation and religion. Religion and sex integration deals with the re-integration of religion with the return of equality. I am against merging the two articles. There is much more of merit to be added to each. Marshallsumter (talk) 04:35, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

The suggestion to merge these two articles from only one editor began on July 18, 2010. It is almost two months later, I still disagree and no other opinions have been entered here. I am removing the suggestion to merge from both articles. Marshallsumter (talk) 01:23, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

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(cur | prev) 2010-09-13T01:23:09 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (895 bytes) (→Suggestion to merge articles) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-24T04:35:36 Marshallsumter (talk | contribs) (548 bytes) (→Suggestion to merge articles: new section) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-08-10T08:30:41 The Anome (talk | contribs) (119 bytes) ({{WikiProject Discrimination}}) (undo)
(cur | prev) 2010-05-26T17:59:18 Wikignome0530 (talk | contribs) (88 bytes) (proj tags)