Münster: An Anabaptist Utopia
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Munster: An Anabaptist Utopia
The city of Munster, located in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany is characteristically seen as only the location of the Anabaptist Rebellion of 1534 and crushed a year later in 1935. However, the important issue as well as goal of the rebellion gets overshadowed by armed conflict. Jan Matthys and Jan Bockelson had very strict as well as very utopian ideas for setting up the “New Jerusalem.” By examining documents written from the time of the Reformation in Europe as well as examining of the goals of Matthys and his Anabaptist followers, it is clear to see that, during the time of occupation and had the rebellion been fully successful, the city of Munster was a Reformation Utopia.
In order to fully understand the importance of Munster as a utopian society one must clearly understand what utopian means as well as what it means in the context of the Reformation. Utopia in itself is generally used to describe a perfect society where there is a harmonious coexistence between politics, society, economics and religion. In context of the Reformation in Germany, a utopian society was a focus on harmony surrounding religion instead of religion as part the harmony. Laws both legal and social, property, marriage, education, and even simple daily tasks would all be based around religion. For Jan Matthys, Munster was to be the “New Jerusalem” that is, the utopian society for all Anabaptist believers no matter what the price was. After the uprising, the price for both Matthys and Bockelson would be death.
The origin of the Anabaptist movement in Munster surrounds both Jan Matthys and Bernt Rothmann. The main preacher of the day in Munster, Rothmann was a Lutheran minister for much of the early Reformation until he decided to alter his views to a more Zwinglian form of preaching, named after its founder Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland. With his already more radical views of Christianity, Rothmann was beginning to turn more and more towards radical preaching. It was not until Jan Matthys came to Munster, that a major shift in power came to be. Assuming to be a prophet after his encounter with the Zwickau prophets, Nicholas Storch and Markus Stubner, Matthys began preaching towards a theocracy and a “holy community separated from the unbelieving godless.” Although the rising of Anabaptist utopian ideals were enforced through Matthys and Bockelson as well as Rothmann, a very important influence on the severity of the utopian society came from Melchior Hoffmann. Although originally against Matthys and the Anabaptist movement, his eventual split from Lutheran doctrine was primarily due to his immense focus on apocalyptic doctrine. Not only did his views concerning the end of the world make him radical but also his focus on the Sword. His major influence on Matthys and Bockelson can be summed up when he wrote, “The Sword and punishment of the perverse order is vitally necessary….[the believer should be] furthering and not hindering such a necessity.” The importance of this quote and the strive for a utopian society lies within the effects of the Sword. The removal of undesirable members of society would leave room for the true believers in the Anabaptist beliefs of Matthys and Bockelson. Essentially, the removal of these people would hopefully purge the society leaving only the perfect and therefore one step closer to a utopian society. Ideally, the use of the Sword for Munster, was in fact for violence against those either suspected of or even falsely accused of revolution in Munster. When the Twelve Elders were established as the governing body of Munster and later replaced by the King, much of the physical power to keep the “utopian peace” was given to Bernhard Knipperdolling. He was the executioner as well as Elders’ chief executive. For Munster and Anabaptist leaders, the Sword was used to determine the law, essentially the law of the Elders. The establishment of a theocracy in Munster was secure which was one step closer to their utopian dream of a New Jerusalem.
The rise of the Anabaptist city of Munster in 1534 and its eventual collapse in 1535 was relatively an overnight phenomenon. Already outlined was the reason for the removal of members of society as well as the “true” law of Munster. However, the other facets of an ideal utopia were still needed within Munster. Much of the historical information concerning the daily and social restrictions or rules from Munster are found in primary source materials. With the establishment of a physical law there was a strong need to establish doctrine and teachings. Like many Anabaptists all over Europe, the teachings of the bible were the guidelines for everyday life. According to many Anabaptists, the whole reason for a government was to maintain society through punishment of the wicked and protection of the innocent. Because governments were created by God then every Christian had to obey even if it was a tyrannical theocracy such as Munster. Thus having a good controlling government meant that the people of Munster had the closest establishment to God other than heaven. Their utopian government was established and the dream of a New Jerusalem was close to reality. The most commonly known aspect of Anabaptist society concerns the ownership of property. Because there was a drive to establish a New Jerusalem there is no surprise that a form of community of goods was practiced in the first Christian congregation at Jerusalem. Thomas More in his Utopia describes a utopian society as that of one which has communal property. He believed that the common good demanded equality in all respects, and further that equality could never be achieved as long as private property existed. In a random study of Anabaptist property-holders, according to Karl-Heinz Kirchoff, a historian of Anabaptist Munster, found an astonishingly normality in distribution of wealth among Munster Anabaptists. In the Reformation crisis of 1532-35 a random sample of property-owners believed that Munster had the best and most practical economic situation. The establishment of a community of goods was again, the closest to the kingdom of heaven that could be established on earth. The utopian desire of Munster to be a kingdom on earth or the New Jerusalem was a constant theme in every aspect during the establishment of power in 1534. Concerning the rules and establishment of radical societies within the German cities that even directly effected Munster were the “Forty-six Frankfurt Articles.” Written on April 13, 1525 they became one of the most influential programs of the urban movement in the Rhine-Main area, with an impact even as far north as Munster and Osnabruck. The forty-six articles were very widespread in their ideas however there is no doubt that Munster and its Anabaptists leaders, although ten years later, read these articles and adopted several of their principles. In terms of property as mentioned before, the fourteenth article is similar as it reads, “Fourteenth, from now on all bequests [that is property given by will] and alms should be placed in a community chest, ordained to the honor of God, in order to feed poor people.” This article is similar to the notion of communal property which as mentioned was a staple for the utopian society in Munster during 1534. Another two similar articles that were adopted by Munster Anabaptists are vague yet were the law throughout Germany. The first of these articles reads, “Thirty-third, it is our conviction that henceforth, everyone, no matter how many houses he has, should also personally guard and protect all of them.” The next article reads, “Thirty-fifth, all drunkards and blasphemers should be punished without mercy, as the occasion may require and according to the orderly counsel of these articles.” These two articles deal with the law as well as the community. The establishment of the government in Munster was based around the notion that its establishment was from God. Any decree from the government was essentially from God therefore anyone against these decrees is against God and needs to be punished fully. Guarding ones house as well as the houses of others, although ambiguous, is focused again on community living and equality. Besides the establishment of a community of believers with communal property, an essential aspect of a utopian society, within the city of Munster, the act of polygamy was instituted. Polygamy in essence is the act of marriage with one or more spouses. The importance of one or more spouses within the context of Munster is both speculative and criticized. Historian James Stayer comments on the nature of polygamy in Munster when he writes, “Although Munsterite polygamy reflected the broad interest among Reformation radicals in a regenerate sexuality,…it amounted in practice to nothing more than the regulating of the female majority according to the prescriptions of biblical misogyny. The importance of the act of polygamy is not related to the establishment of a New Jerusalem. The reason why it was established however, is important. With the establishment of a law by the sword, a community of believers, and a society built around the written word of God, it was deemed necessary to keep the community of believers strictly to those within Munster and essentially those deemed suitable. With polygamy, the men of Munster were able to have several wives and thus many children in which to influence with the teachings of Anabaptism. The utopian atmosphere designed for Munster would be secured for the future with the establishment of polygamy.
The society of Munster, Germany, was, although briefly, a utopia for Anabaptist believers. According to Stayor, “the Munster Anabaptists were genuine Anabaptists, not a corrupt sect misusing the Anabaptist name.” The institutions of government, the communal property, the law of the Sword deemed necessary by God, and even the art of polygamy were all ways that Jan Matthys and Jan Bockelson were able to establish their kingdom on earth or even their New Jerusalem. Although it lasted only a year and was crushed in June of 1535, for the time it existed, Munster was the place to be if you considered yourself a true Anabaptist a true utopia of the Reformation.
[edit] References
* Franklin Littell, The Origins of Sectarian Protestantism: a study of the Anabaptist view of the Church (New York: Macmillian Company, 1964), 30.
* Ibid.
* James Stayer, Anabaptists and the Sword, (Kansas: Coronado Press, 1972), 211
* Stayer, 214.
* Stayer, 255.
* Claus-Peter Clasen, Anabaptism: A Social History, 1525-1618, (New York: Cornell University Press, 1972), 173.
* Clasen, 183.
* Clasen, 184.
* James Stayer, The German Peasants’ War and Anabaptist Community of Goods, (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1991), 130.
* Michael Baylor, The Radical Reformation, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) 246.
* Baylor, 249.
* Baylor, 251.
* Stayer, Peasants’ War, 130.
* Stayer, 123.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster:_An_Anabaptist_Utopia"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-24, at 17:34:23. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
This page was last modified on 2008-03-24, at 17:34:23. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
26 March 2008
23 March 2008
Blue Letter Bible
Blue Letter Bible
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The Blue Letter Bible Project is an initiative of Calvary Chapel members to create a Study Bible in both CD format and for the internet, primarily in support of the Calvary Chapel fellowship of churches. It was founded in November 1995. The Project supports 12 English Bible translations, Hebrew and the Septuagint for the Old Testament, and the Greek Textus Receptus and Westcott-Hort versions for the New Testament. Integrated study tools include Gesenius' Lexicon for the Old Testament, and Thayer's Lexicon for the New Testament, as well as English and Strong's Concordances for the entire Bible. Over 2000 Bible Commentaries are also present.
The Blue Letter Bible (BLB) Project has three ongoing initiatives as of November 2006:
* The BLB CD for gratis distribution to missionaries, pastors and students, with over 100,000 CDs distributed.
* The BLB website for online Bible study in an advertising-free environment. Over 3,500,000 hyperlink cross-references are present, and over 375,000 pages views are distributed (daily average 3rd quarter 2006).
* The BLB Institute for structured Biblical studies, under free registration, with over 28,000 registered students in 3rd quarter 2006.
The BLB Project is administered by the Sowing Circle ministry, which is a California 501(c)(3) Private Operating Foundation.
[edit] 1 Distribution of BLB content
* BLB CD
o Calvary Chapel Magazine, a publisher and affilitate ministry of Calvary Chapel, has distributed over 45,000 BLB CDs to their readership (missionary emphasis), with world-wide distribution.
o Koinonia House, publishers of Personal Update, (distribution over 100,000 monthly) offers free distribution of the BLB CD to their subscribers.
* BLB Website
o Over 1,250 independent websites (link) distribute BLB internet content through BLB search tools embedded within their websites. Example
[edit] 2 Reviews of the Blue Letter Bible
* Northland Baptist Bible College - Technology: Tools for Fulfilling the Great Commission
* Dr. David Hocking - Hope for Today: What is the Blue Letter Bible Institute? (MP3 download)
* The Blue Letter Bible by Rubén Gómez, webmaster, Bible Software Review
* Koinonia House Online - Your Personal Library
* Chizadek - Science, Statistics, Singleness and Scones, Spiritually Speaking
* Some Highly Useful Weblinks, Professor David Richter, Queens College, CUNY
* Sight Magazine, Blue Letter Bible, by James Crook
[edit] 3 External links
* Project's official website
* Parent organization's official website
* BLBi's official website
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Letter_Bible"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-23, at 20:29:36. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity
This page was last modified on 2008-03-23, at 20:29:36. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.
Please share your thoughts on the matter at this article's entry on the Articles for deletion page.
Feel free to edit the article, but the article must not be blanked, and this notice must not be removed, until the discussion is closed. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the guide to deletion.
Steps to list an article for deletion: 1. {{subst:afd}} 2. {{subst:afd2|pg=Blue Letter Bible|cat=|text=}} ~~~~ (categories) 3. {{subst:afd3|pg=Blue Letter Bible}} (add to top of list) 4. Please consider notifying the author(s) by placing {{subst:adw|Blue Letter Bible}} ~~~~ on their talk page(s).
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As a courtesy, please keep this tag until AFD has closed.
The Blue Letter Bible Project is an initiative of Calvary Chapel members to create a Study Bible in both CD format and for the internet, primarily in support of the Calvary Chapel fellowship of churches. It was founded in November 1995. The Project supports 12 English Bible translations, Hebrew and the Septuagint for the Old Testament, and the Greek Textus Receptus and Westcott-Hort versions for the New Testament. Integrated study tools include Gesenius' Lexicon for the Old Testament, and Thayer's Lexicon for the New Testament, as well as English and Strong's Concordances for the entire Bible. Over 2000 Bible Commentaries are also present.
The Blue Letter Bible (BLB) Project has three ongoing initiatives as of November 2006:
* The BLB CD for gratis distribution to missionaries, pastors and students, with over 100,000 CDs distributed.
* The BLB website for online Bible study in an advertising-free environment. Over 3,500,000 hyperlink cross-references are present, and over 375,000 pages views are distributed (daily average 3rd quarter 2006).
* The BLB Institute for structured Biblical studies, under free registration, with over 28,000 registered students in 3rd quarter 2006.
The BLB Project is administered by the Sowing Circle ministry, which is a California 501(c)(3) Private Operating Foundation.
[edit] 1 Distribution of BLB content
* BLB CD
o Calvary Chapel Magazine, a publisher and affilitate ministry of Calvary Chapel, has distributed over 45,000 BLB CDs to their readership (missionary emphasis), with world-wide distribution.
o Koinonia House, publishers of Personal Update, (distribution over 100,000 monthly) offers free distribution of the BLB CD to their subscribers.
* BLB Website
o Over 1,250 independent websites (link) distribute BLB internet content through BLB search tools embedded within their websites. Example
[edit] 2 Reviews of the Blue Letter Bible
* Northland Baptist Bible College - Technology: Tools for Fulfilling the Great Commission
* Dr. David Hocking - Hope for Today: What is the Blue Letter Bible Institute? (MP3 download)
* The Blue Letter Bible by Rubén Gómez, webmaster, Bible Software Review
* Koinonia House Online - Your Personal Library
* Chizadek - Science, Statistics, Singleness and Scones, Spiritually Speaking
* Some Highly Useful Weblinks, Professor David Richter, Queens College, CUNY
* Sight Magazine, Blue Letter Bible, by James Crook
[edit] 3 External links
* Project's official website
* Parent organization's official website
* BLBi's official website
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Letter_Bible"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-23, at 20:29:36. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity
This page was last modified on 2008-03-23, at 20:29:36. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
14 March 2008
McDojo
McDojo
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Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (February 2008)
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McDojo is a pejorative term used by some Western martial artists to describe a martial arts school where image or profit is of a higher importance than technical standards. The term is an example of McWords applied to Japanese martial arts dojo.[1] A McDojo of Korean martial arts may be referred to as a McDojang but the term McDojo is used for various arts regardless of origin. While using the term McDojo primarily indicates judgement of a school’s financial or marketing practices, it also implies that the teaching standards of such school may be much lower than that of other martial arts schools, or that the school presents non-martial arts training as martial arts. Where a McDojo's practices may border on fraud, this can be referred to as bullshido.
Standards for a McDojo are largely opinion, but there are commonly seen practices that may be widely regarded as questionable and are indicators that a school is a McDojo, though these practices may not necessarily be exclusive to McDojos. Schools that would not generally be classified as such, have adopted some of these practices to varying degrees, the line being the difference between profit and profiteering. Practices that cause concern include exaggerated or fake qualifications, the use of exploitative contracts and fees, advertising of training that only has a martial arts 'flavour' as actual instruction in fighting, equipment monopolies and restriction on activities outside the school. While the practice of exploiting the mysticism of martial arts is not new it is perceived as having become more prevalent in modern times.
"McDojo" is also a reference to the proliferation of such schools in many communities in the United States and many other nations, in much the way McDonald's restaurants have proliferated. Many practitioners of martial arts with serious combative, cultural, educational or therapeutic value regard such proliferation of recreational, business-oriented, or absurd martial arts schools as derogatory or defamatory to the proper presentation of the martial arts.
Because there are no clear standards of what constitutes a "McDojo," the term is often used by instructors at smaller, less popular martial arts schools to assert that larger, more successful academies are focused solely on profit as opposed to performance.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Qualifications
* 2 Contracts
* 3 Black belt clubs
* 4 Belts and testing fees
* 5 Cardio and children's classes
* 6 Equipment requirements/embargos
* 7 Style Restrictions
* 8 In history
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 External links
[edit] 1 Qualifications
An individual that runs a McDojo will often have inflated or self-awarded black belt rankings or will belong to a certifying organization that cannot be traced to a known legitimate school or organization of recognized good standing. Frequently these people will be much younger than other instructors that hold similar or higher rank, and will hold rankings in a large variety of styles or arts.
It is common for such fraudulent instructors to "cross-certify" each other. Additionally, they will frequently take titles that imply very high levels of skill and several decades of experience, such as Shihan, Kyoshi, Renshi soke or grandmaster, without having been granted them by any accrediting body. Some even create their own "school" and declare themselves grandmaster of it.
Another frequent tactic is to claim to have been trained in some non-specific place by an unknown "master". Any claims of having journeyed to Asia to train with secretive monks/ninjas/fighting masters are highly questionable and can be generally assumed to be false, particularly if they claim to have learned secret arts that are superior to all other forms. Some instructors will also advertise claims that they are former members of the special forces (e.g. United States Navy SEALs), these claims are also suspect and organisations of ex-service personnel can often refute fraudulent ones.
[edit] 2 Contracts
One common McDojo practice in martial arts schools is the use of long-term contracts (more than 12 months in length) to lock students into a monthly payment, frequently by direct debit/deposit from a bank account. These contracts are generally structured so that a student can only be released from the contract under extraordinary circumstances, such as moving residency a considerable distance, death, or severe illness. Students who are dissatisfied with their training or are unable to continue participating for reasons beyond these can find themselves needing permission to discontinue training or be forced to continue paying for unwanted lessons.
School owners and instructors usually justify this type of payment plan by asserting that such plans are a greater guarantee of revenue for the school than a pay-as-you-go approach, and can enable them to offer students standardized fees for training and can provide more financial stability. Some schools with contracts will also accommodate students' individual circumstances; in the case of a student with a minor injury that prevents training for two months, the school may "bank" the time for that student, allowing the student to "make up" the two months at the end of the contract. Although the student will still pay during the time they are not training, that two months will be available for them when their contract expires.
Opponents of contracts typically rebut that if the school's quality of instruction was high enough, they would not need to require a contract or monthly payments; that students would want to keep paying of their own accord. The prospect of someone being forced to pay for unused training, even if it's being "banked" by the school, is also objectionable for some.
Some schools use contracts and direct debit/credit card payments as an attempt to keep the school a place of learning instead of a place of business. Since the financial component is automatic, the exchange of cash or checks in the school is less frequent, and thus not a distraction from learning.
[edit] 3 Black belt clubs
Black belt ranks, such as those shown above, are normally held in high regard in martial arts. However, McDojo classes may advertise a guaranteed black belt in a fixed time.
Black belt ranks, such as those shown above, are normally held in high regard in martial arts. However, McDojo classes may advertise a guaranteed black belt in a fixed time.
Sometimes a special kind of contract, and sometimes a motivation tool, a McDojo will often put beginners in a "black belt club" of some sort. Contractual black belt clubs will generally require the student pay tuition for a certain amount of time (multiple years), after which he or she is guaranteed to receive a black belt. Non-contractual black belt clubs will often require a student to pay a higher tuition rate to be fast-tracked to receiving a black belt, without the guarantee or the long-term contract.
A key distinction between McDojo black belt clubs and those of legitimate dojos or dojangs is the "guarantee" for a black belt, either in a shorter time period or at all. In a legitimate dojo a black belt club typically is merely restricted to the higher level low belts (and the black belts) and involves additional and/or different training. There may or may not be an additional fee, if there is one it would be expected to be nominal to cover the additional instructor time and facility overhead. But in no case should there be any guarantee of a black belt within a certain time to club members.
[edit] 4 Belts and testing fees
It is a common practice to charge a fee per belt test or per actual advancement in rank within a particular school — this defrays the cost of testing, which can include the actual purchase of the belt, the time and overhead for instructors to attend the testing, costs for administrative processing of certificates within a national or international federation, and travel expenses for higher-ranked visiting instructors and examiners.
Colored belts ranks are often used in excess in McDojos
Colored belts ranks are often used in excess in McDojos
McDojos often charge much higher fees or fees that escalate with rank. This is frequently combined with creating additional levels of rank within a school, making a school known as a “Belt Factory.”[2] While Japanese martial arts traditionally have ten ranks (kyu) before black belt (dan) depending on the type of martial art and the attitudes of the school owner, the number of ranks from a white belt to a black belt can be anywhere from 5 (BJJ – White, Blue, Purple, Brown, Black) or fewer to upwards of 16 ranks with intermediate ranks in between (White, Advanced White; Orange, Advanced Orange; etc). Some schools also use a system of "stripes" to create more ranks or levels, or have even invented new belt colors, such as a "camouflage belt."[3] However, since the use of colored belts is a relatively recent invention (within the past hundred years), there are no universally accepted standards for belt ranks. Some martial artists compare this use of reinforcement to make people stay to the manner of casinos. Given the multiplicity of colored belts in this system, another term for this is “Revenue Rainbow.” Many schools and organizations charge for gradings, but generally without grade inflation within color-belt ranks. A higher fee for black belt gradings is justified if it involves additional expenses, such as those noted above. Another McDojo type practice is to simplify gradings, such as only requiring students demonstrate just one Kata or minimal series of moves to gain a grade.
Schools may also charge fees that are proportionately greater in amount as a student advances in rank. Belt fees for White, Orange, and Green belts may only be $20, but testing for a brown belt or a black may cost hundreds or even thousands of dollars. These higher costs are sometimes not divulged until the student has invested a good deal of time and effort. Depending on how a school evaluates students for assigning rank, this can turn into a "bullshido" practice if the advancement comes from an ability to pay rather than an ability to perform at the appropriate standard. Some feel these fees are justified, however, as testing for a black belt may require multiple people to gather from around the region, sometimes traveling hundreds of miles. By contrast, other Schools will only charge once per grading, allowing students to attempt as many times as it takes for them to pass.
[edit] 5 Cardio and children's classes
Many schools use the popularity of martial arts to run "cardio-kickboxing" classes that are devoted to giving adult participants an intense workout based on movements from martial arts training. Schools may also host martial arts classes for children that generally run as an after-school activity. These types of programs vary greatly in terms of their emphasis on learning martial arts, as opposed to giving kids a healthy, fun activity outside of the school system. Although most cardio kickboxing is advertised as exercise-only, McDojos often claim it can also teach martial proficiency.[4] Children's programs at McDojos sometimes include bussing from school, and are more or less overtly run as day-care programs with only a superficial focus on martial arts activities. However, cardio classes that are advertised as exercise only, rather than martial arts, and children's classes that focus on actual techniques, should not be considered characteristic of McDojos.
[edit] 6 Equipment requirements/embargos
Equipment may have to be a specific brand to be used
Equipment may have to be a specific brand to be used
Some schools have a requirement that all students must have training equipment from a particular manufacturer and/or must be purchased through the school itself. Additionally, schools may forbid students from using their own gear that may be of a different style or manufacturer. These schools may receive profits from selling equipment by marking it up from the wholesale price at which they originally purchased it.
This is a less-likely sign of a McDojo practice, as some reasons exist for these requirements/embargoes. Insurance companies may limit schools to using certain brands in order to guarantee coverage in the event of injury. School owners/instructors may also have a specific preference based on experience with various brands and deciding that a particular brand is the one best suited for the school's needs or by using certain styles and colors of gear, instructors can add to the uniformity of their classes. Also, except for individual wear-and-tear, there is a guaranteed uniformity of equipment among all students in a school. Finally, one way a school can remain in business is by selling equipment to students. Most Schools offer the ability to buy equipment since they can buy in bulk and save the students money. Also, because the school has a relationship with the vendor, it usually has more leverage to exchange faulty or mis-sized gear.
Opponents of this practice complain that embargoes can require them to purchase completely new training gear when they may already have high-quality gear from prior study in other schools. Further, even when new gear is needed, the cost of the gear either through the school or suppliers can be excessive for those on a limited budget. To address this latter complaint of high cost, some schools will purchase the gear for the student and allow the student to make payments on it at their own pace so that they can train immediately.
[edit] 7 Style Restrictions
Often, McDojos will forbid their students from studying other martial arts, or with other people citing the "secret" nature of the training in the McDojo, critics claim that this is to avoid comparison in training between different schools, and exploits that after an individual has dedicated time to training in one art and achieve promotions they may be unwilling to start from stratch in a new one. This is in contrast to many well regarded instructors such as Kano Jigoro or Bruce Lee (and sometimes the claimed background of founders of the school in question) who cross-trained in several arts, and often used their wide knowledge to improve and refine their primary art.
Proponents of style restrictions argue that it is best for students to learn one style at a time. Because techniques can vary from style to style, they emphasize that trying to learn multiple styles simultaneously leads to technical problems. Due to the increasing popularity of mixing styles, many instructors are now training in multiple styles, allowing them to teach in a variety of fields in a way that the styles do not confuse the student.
[edit] 8 In history
“ As I see society, people make the arts into commercial products; they think of themselves as commodities, and also make implements as items of commerce. Distinguishing the superficial and the substantial, I find this attitude has less reality than decoration.
The field of martial arts is particularly rife with flamboyant showmanship, with commercial popularization and profiteering on the part of both those who teach the science and those who study it. The result of this must be, as someone said, that "amateuristic martial arts are a source of serious wounds."
”
—Miyamoto Musashi, 1643 A.D.[5]
[edit] 9 See also
* Bullshido
* Profiteering (business)
[edit] 10 References
1. ^ Cotroneo, Christian. (November 26, 2006) Toronto Star. Kicking it up at the McDojo. Section: News; Page A12.
2. ^ Cook, Ron. (March 1, 2006) Cairns Sun (Australia). Eight year old exceeds all black belt expectations. Section: News1; Page 6. (Rod Cook, 5th dan master instructor, Family Black Belt Academy, Smithfield, Australia, writing, "I lose more students than I keep in my schools, because we're not just a "belt factory" or "McDojo" (as some are commonly called).")
3. ^ American Taekwondo Association Belts
4. ^ Fight Like a Girl - " A Woman’s Guide to Transforming Cardio Kickboxing into Effective Self-Defense" by Addy Hernandez
5. ^ Miyamoto Musashi - "The Book of Five Rings/Spheres"
[edit] 11 External links
* Bullshido.net A site covering various frauds and scams in the Martial Arts community. For a specific example of McDojo, see a Bullshido article reporting on a belt factory.
* Are You in A Martial Arts Cult? by Wayne Muromoto
* Real or Fake? Is Your Martial Arts School Legitimate? by Wayne Muromoto
* The Whole Legitimacy Thing by Karl Friday
* What to Look for in a Martial Arts School by Gaku Homma (a subsection of a larger article)
* McDojo-FAQ A more info on McDojo and related terms.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDojo"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-11, at 01:14:48. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
This page was last modified on 2008-03-11, at 01:14:48. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article may contain original research or unverified claims.
Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (February 2008)
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007)
The references in this article would be clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking.
McDojo is a pejorative term used by some Western martial artists to describe a martial arts school where image or profit is of a higher importance than technical standards. The term is an example of McWords applied to Japanese martial arts dojo.[1] A McDojo of Korean martial arts may be referred to as a McDojang but the term McDojo is used for various arts regardless of origin. While using the term McDojo primarily indicates judgement of a school’s financial or marketing practices, it also implies that the teaching standards of such school may be much lower than that of other martial arts schools, or that the school presents non-martial arts training as martial arts. Where a McDojo's practices may border on fraud, this can be referred to as bullshido.
Standards for a McDojo are largely opinion, but there are commonly seen practices that may be widely regarded as questionable and are indicators that a school is a McDojo, though these practices may not necessarily be exclusive to McDojos. Schools that would not generally be classified as such, have adopted some of these practices to varying degrees, the line being the difference between profit and profiteering. Practices that cause concern include exaggerated or fake qualifications, the use of exploitative contracts and fees, advertising of training that only has a martial arts 'flavour' as actual instruction in fighting, equipment monopolies and restriction on activities outside the school. While the practice of exploiting the mysticism of martial arts is not new it is perceived as having become more prevalent in modern times.
"McDojo" is also a reference to the proliferation of such schools in many communities in the United States and many other nations, in much the way McDonald's restaurants have proliferated. Many practitioners of martial arts with serious combative, cultural, educational or therapeutic value regard such proliferation of recreational, business-oriented, or absurd martial arts schools as derogatory or defamatory to the proper presentation of the martial arts.
Because there are no clear standards of what constitutes a "McDojo," the term is often used by instructors at smaller, less popular martial arts schools to assert that larger, more successful academies are focused solely on profit as opposed to performance.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Qualifications
* 2 Contracts
* 3 Black belt clubs
* 4 Belts and testing fees
* 5 Cardio and children's classes
* 6 Equipment requirements/embargos
* 7 Style Restrictions
* 8 In history
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 External links
[edit] 1 Qualifications
An individual that runs a McDojo will often have inflated or self-awarded black belt rankings or will belong to a certifying organization that cannot be traced to a known legitimate school or organization of recognized good standing. Frequently these people will be much younger than other instructors that hold similar or higher rank, and will hold rankings in a large variety of styles or arts.
It is common for such fraudulent instructors to "cross-certify" each other. Additionally, they will frequently take titles that imply very high levels of skill and several decades of experience, such as Shihan, Kyoshi, Renshi soke or grandmaster, without having been granted them by any accrediting body. Some even create their own "school" and declare themselves grandmaster of it.
Another frequent tactic is to claim to have been trained in some non-specific place by an unknown "master". Any claims of having journeyed to Asia to train with secretive monks/ninjas/fighting masters are highly questionable and can be generally assumed to be false, particularly if they claim to have learned secret arts that are superior to all other forms. Some instructors will also advertise claims that they are former members of the special forces (e.g. United States Navy SEALs), these claims are also suspect and organisations of ex-service personnel can often refute fraudulent ones.
[edit] 2 Contracts
One common McDojo practice in martial arts schools is the use of long-term contracts (more than 12 months in length) to lock students into a monthly payment, frequently by direct debit/deposit from a bank account. These contracts are generally structured so that a student can only be released from the contract under extraordinary circumstances, such as moving residency a considerable distance, death, or severe illness. Students who are dissatisfied with their training or are unable to continue participating for reasons beyond these can find themselves needing permission to discontinue training or be forced to continue paying for unwanted lessons.
School owners and instructors usually justify this type of payment plan by asserting that such plans are a greater guarantee of revenue for the school than a pay-as-you-go approach, and can enable them to offer students standardized fees for training and can provide more financial stability. Some schools with contracts will also accommodate students' individual circumstances; in the case of a student with a minor injury that prevents training for two months, the school may "bank" the time for that student, allowing the student to "make up" the two months at the end of the contract. Although the student will still pay during the time they are not training, that two months will be available for them when their contract expires.
Opponents of contracts typically rebut that if the school's quality of instruction was high enough, they would not need to require a contract or monthly payments; that students would want to keep paying of their own accord. The prospect of someone being forced to pay for unused training, even if it's being "banked" by the school, is also objectionable for some.
Some schools use contracts and direct debit/credit card payments as an attempt to keep the school a place of learning instead of a place of business. Since the financial component is automatic, the exchange of cash or checks in the school is less frequent, and thus not a distraction from learning.
[edit] 3 Black belt clubs
Black belt ranks, such as those shown above, are normally held in high regard in martial arts. However, McDojo classes may advertise a guaranteed black belt in a fixed time.
Black belt ranks, such as those shown above, are normally held in high regard in martial arts. However, McDojo classes may advertise a guaranteed black belt in a fixed time.
Sometimes a special kind of contract, and sometimes a motivation tool, a McDojo will often put beginners in a "black belt club" of some sort. Contractual black belt clubs will generally require the student pay tuition for a certain amount of time (multiple years), after which he or she is guaranteed to receive a black belt. Non-contractual black belt clubs will often require a student to pay a higher tuition rate to be fast-tracked to receiving a black belt, without the guarantee or the long-term contract.
A key distinction between McDojo black belt clubs and those of legitimate dojos or dojangs is the "guarantee" for a black belt, either in a shorter time period or at all. In a legitimate dojo a black belt club typically is merely restricted to the higher level low belts (and the black belts) and involves additional and/or different training. There may or may not be an additional fee, if there is one it would be expected to be nominal to cover the additional instructor time and facility overhead. But in no case should there be any guarantee of a black belt within a certain time to club members.
[edit] 4 Belts and testing fees
It is a common practice to charge a fee per belt test or per actual advancement in rank within a particular school — this defrays the cost of testing, which can include the actual purchase of the belt, the time and overhead for instructors to attend the testing, costs for administrative processing of certificates within a national or international federation, and travel expenses for higher-ranked visiting instructors and examiners.
Colored belts ranks are often used in excess in McDojos
Colored belts ranks are often used in excess in McDojos
McDojos often charge much higher fees or fees that escalate with rank. This is frequently combined with creating additional levels of rank within a school, making a school known as a “Belt Factory.”[2] While Japanese martial arts traditionally have ten ranks (kyu) before black belt (dan) depending on the type of martial art and the attitudes of the school owner, the number of ranks from a white belt to a black belt can be anywhere from 5 (BJJ – White, Blue, Purple, Brown, Black) or fewer to upwards of 16 ranks with intermediate ranks in between (White, Advanced White; Orange, Advanced Orange; etc). Some schools also use a system of "stripes" to create more ranks or levels, or have even invented new belt colors, such as a "camouflage belt."[3] However, since the use of colored belts is a relatively recent invention (within the past hundred years), there are no universally accepted standards for belt ranks. Some martial artists compare this use of reinforcement to make people stay to the manner of casinos. Given the multiplicity of colored belts in this system, another term for this is “Revenue Rainbow.” Many schools and organizations charge for gradings, but generally without grade inflation within color-belt ranks. A higher fee for black belt gradings is justified if it involves additional expenses, such as those noted above. Another McDojo type practice is to simplify gradings, such as only requiring students demonstrate just one Kata or minimal series of moves to gain a grade.
Schools may also charge fees that are proportionately greater in amount as a student advances in rank. Belt fees for White, Orange, and Green belts may only be $20, but testing for a brown belt or a black may cost hundreds or even thousands of dollars. These higher costs are sometimes not divulged until the student has invested a good deal of time and effort. Depending on how a school evaluates students for assigning rank, this can turn into a "bullshido" practice if the advancement comes from an ability to pay rather than an ability to perform at the appropriate standard. Some feel these fees are justified, however, as testing for a black belt may require multiple people to gather from around the region, sometimes traveling hundreds of miles. By contrast, other Schools will only charge once per grading, allowing students to attempt as many times as it takes for them to pass.
[edit] 5 Cardio and children's classes
Many schools use the popularity of martial arts to run "cardio-kickboxing" classes that are devoted to giving adult participants an intense workout based on movements from martial arts training. Schools may also host martial arts classes for children that generally run as an after-school activity. These types of programs vary greatly in terms of their emphasis on learning martial arts, as opposed to giving kids a healthy, fun activity outside of the school system. Although most cardio kickboxing is advertised as exercise-only, McDojos often claim it can also teach martial proficiency.[4] Children's programs at McDojos sometimes include bussing from school, and are more or less overtly run as day-care programs with only a superficial focus on martial arts activities. However, cardio classes that are advertised as exercise only, rather than martial arts, and children's classes that focus on actual techniques, should not be considered characteristic of McDojos.
[edit] 6 Equipment requirements/embargos
Equipment may have to be a specific brand to be used
Equipment may have to be a specific brand to be used
Some schools have a requirement that all students must have training equipment from a particular manufacturer and/or must be purchased through the school itself. Additionally, schools may forbid students from using their own gear that may be of a different style or manufacturer. These schools may receive profits from selling equipment by marking it up from the wholesale price at which they originally purchased it.
This is a less-likely sign of a McDojo practice, as some reasons exist for these requirements/embargoes. Insurance companies may limit schools to using certain brands in order to guarantee coverage in the event of injury. School owners/instructors may also have a specific preference based on experience with various brands and deciding that a particular brand is the one best suited for the school's needs or by using certain styles and colors of gear, instructors can add to the uniformity of their classes. Also, except for individual wear-and-tear, there is a guaranteed uniformity of equipment among all students in a school. Finally, one way a school can remain in business is by selling equipment to students. Most Schools offer the ability to buy equipment since they can buy in bulk and save the students money. Also, because the school has a relationship with the vendor, it usually has more leverage to exchange faulty or mis-sized gear.
Opponents of this practice complain that embargoes can require them to purchase completely new training gear when they may already have high-quality gear from prior study in other schools. Further, even when new gear is needed, the cost of the gear either through the school or suppliers can be excessive for those on a limited budget. To address this latter complaint of high cost, some schools will purchase the gear for the student and allow the student to make payments on it at their own pace so that they can train immediately.
[edit] 7 Style Restrictions
Often, McDojos will forbid their students from studying other martial arts, or with other people citing the "secret" nature of the training in the McDojo, critics claim that this is to avoid comparison in training between different schools, and exploits that after an individual has dedicated time to training in one art and achieve promotions they may be unwilling to start from stratch in a new one. This is in contrast to many well regarded instructors such as Kano Jigoro or Bruce Lee (and sometimes the claimed background of founders of the school in question) who cross-trained in several arts, and often used their wide knowledge to improve and refine their primary art.
Proponents of style restrictions argue that it is best for students to learn one style at a time. Because techniques can vary from style to style, they emphasize that trying to learn multiple styles simultaneously leads to technical problems. Due to the increasing popularity of mixing styles, many instructors are now training in multiple styles, allowing them to teach in a variety of fields in a way that the styles do not confuse the student.
[edit] 8 In history
“ As I see society, people make the arts into commercial products; they think of themselves as commodities, and also make implements as items of commerce. Distinguishing the superficial and the substantial, I find this attitude has less reality than decoration.
The field of martial arts is particularly rife with flamboyant showmanship, with commercial popularization and profiteering on the part of both those who teach the science and those who study it. The result of this must be, as someone said, that "amateuristic martial arts are a source of serious wounds."
”
—Miyamoto Musashi, 1643 A.D.[5]
[edit] 9 See also
* Bullshido
* Profiteering (business)
[edit] 10 References
1. ^ Cotroneo, Christian. (November 26, 2006) Toronto Star. Kicking it up at the McDojo. Section: News; Page A12.
2. ^ Cook, Ron. (March 1, 2006) Cairns Sun (Australia). Eight year old exceeds all black belt expectations. Section: News1; Page 6. (Rod Cook, 5th dan master instructor, Family Black Belt Academy, Smithfield, Australia, writing, "I lose more students than I keep in my schools, because we're not just a "belt factory" or "McDojo" (as some are commonly called).")
3. ^ American Taekwondo Association Belts
4. ^ Fight Like a Girl - " A Woman’s Guide to Transforming Cardio Kickboxing into Effective Self-Defense" by Addy Hernandez
5. ^ Miyamoto Musashi - "The Book of Five Rings/Spheres"
[edit] 11 External links
* Bullshido.net A site covering various frauds and scams in the Martial Arts community. For a specific example of McDojo, see a Bullshido article reporting on a belt factory.
* Are You in A Martial Arts Cult? by Wayne Muromoto
* Real or Fake? Is Your Martial Arts School Legitimate? by Wayne Muromoto
* The Whole Legitimacy Thing by Karl Friday
* What to Look for in a Martial Arts School by Gaku Homma (a subsection of a larger article)
* McDojo-FAQ A more info on McDojo and related terms.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDojo"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-11, at 01:14:48. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
This page was last modified on 2008-03-11, at 01:14:48. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
Bullshido
Bullshido
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This article is about the term "bullshido". For a term commonly confused with bullshido, see McDojo, For the article on the website Bullshido.net, see Bullshido.net.
Bullshido is a derogatory term used by some English-speaking martial arts aficionados to describe fraudulent, deceptive, or inept martial arts teaching. It is a portmanteau of bushido, the samurai code of honor, and bullshit. Bullshido is considered to be the antithesis of bushido, and is generally applied to martial arts schools where their instructors publish pseudoscientific claims or unverifiable assertions concerning their lineage or training methods, or emphasize blatant commercialism over substance in teaching, training, personal conduct, or business dealings.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Origin
o 1.1 School exclusivity
o 1.2 Impractical training methods
o 1.3 False/exaggerated lineage
o 1.4 Developing tremendous or mystical abilities from training
* 2 Notes
* 3 External links
[edit] 1 Origin
The term bullshido was popularized by the Bullshido.net website. However, there is evidence that the term was used as early as 1996. In recent usage the bilingual portmanteau reflects a claim held by some in the martial arts community that there are those who train to learn how to fight, those who train to pretend they know how to fight, and those who claim that they can learn how to fight on the street without ever having fought in the dojo. Accused practitioners of bullshido are called “bullshidoka,” combining the term with the Japanese suffix "-ka," meaning “practitioner” (e.g. judoka, aikidoka, karateka, etc.).
In the past, the traditional martial arts community had a system of references. This system of references between different schools would effectively vouch for each other's legitimacy, allowing the community to police itself. A tradition in East Asia was that when an unknown and unreferenced school would open in a community, it would be eventually shut down by other schools nearby through direct challenges - this was a way to develop references for legitimate schools, while exposing fraudulent or ineffective schools and forcing them to close before they could harm or defraud potential students. Today, however, such practices are illegal, and thus anyone could learn a few moves and invent their own style, or even claim to be the secret heir to an unknown and possibly fictitious style, and potentially defraud many people, all while under the protection of local law enforcement.
[edit] 1.1 School exclusivity
One traditional practice some consider to be bullshido is the demand that students not be a part of any other martial arts school of the same style during their tenure at the school, without permission from the instructor.[1] Some schools prohibit training in another style altogether.[2][3][4] Proponents of this regulation believe that learning multiple types of martial arts simultaneously will interfere with the clear transmission of information from the teacher to student.[citation needed] However, opponents hold that as consumers students have the right to pursue whatever endeavors they wish, and that they are only obligated by the school's code of conduct while taking classes at the school. Some opponents also point out that such a rule often exists to minimize the possibility the school's methods or quality of instruction will be seen as being inferior to others'.[5]
[edit] 1.2 Impractical training methods
Bullshido is also said, by proponents of the concept, to consist of training methods that are impractical if they are used outside of the context of the bullshido school. Noted martial artists such as Bruce Lee and Jon Bluming have asserted that board-breaking and kata (forms) are of limited benefit towards actual fighting proficiency and often used as "filler" to occupy class time. This view is very common in modern mixed martial arts or combat sport circles as well. These critics maintain that such ancillary activities often become the focus of one's martial arts training at the expense of learning how to implement the techniques in a realistic situation. They suggest that the best means to prepare to use one's skills in a realistic situation is through the use of full or hard contact, non-stop sparring with which students' current skill levels can be realistically evaluated.[5]
Advocates of methods such as board-breaking assert that these training methods have a valid place in martial arts. Particularly with younger students, accomplishments such as being able to break one or more boards can serve as a tangible sign of accomplishment as they advance in skill or rank. In regards to kata, some advocates claim that kata serve a purpose similar to that of shadowboxing in combat sports; the solo practice of techniques can help focus a student's concentration on proper form and execution against an imaginary opponent. Modern practitioners of martial arts have less issue with these training methods when they are supplemental to intense sparring, rather than as a substitute (which is viewed as bullshido).[citation needed]
[edit] 1.3 False/exaggerated lineage
A common but harmful practice considered to be bullshido is the use of a fictitious or exaggerated lineage to prominent figures in martial arts in order to boost the school's image. Such claims of lineage are typically unverifiable, whereas training under a legitimate school can easily be verified. A variation on this is where legitimate training under notable tutelage is exaggerated - for example, Matt Furey, a former wrestler who markets his own conditioning program, claims that he studied wrestling under the famous wrestler/instructor Karl Gotch for two years - but careful scrutiny indicates that his time was closer to five months, and that he had rarely been directly trained during this time.[6]
Some schools of Asian martial arts[attribution needed] in the West take advantage of the fact that few Westerners can consult people or verify documents in Japanese, Chinese, or other languages. A further deception in conjunction with this is claiming a lengthy lineage that cannot be proven because of a radical historical event that destroyed records or information (for example, a person teaching a Japanese martial art claiming that all records of their art were destroyed in WWII), so that when no record is found, there is a ready explanation.[citation needed]
Given these and other difficulties in verifying the legitimacy of one's claimed experience, many people have created their own styles of martial arts and declared themselves as the founder and master of that system. The widespread emergence of self-styled soke is pejoratively known as Sokemon, which is a play on the words "Sōke" and "Pokémon."[citation needed]
[edit] 1.4 Developing tremendous or mystical abilities from training
The conditioning resulting from rigorous martial or physical training can allow a person physical abilities beyond those of the average person. However, some will exaggerate the ease of gaining these abilities, or make outrageous claims that do not hold up in reality.[7] For example, some martial artists will claim that their training can give them powers of telekinesis, creating an energy projectile to use against opponents (e.g. Jacques-Jean Quero, pretending having telekinetic abilities) or the ability to become invisible. In Ashida Kim's book The Secrets of the Ninja[8] he states:
"Ninjitsu is not a magical technique that will enable you to disassemble your body and reassemble yourself somewhere else. It will not change the structure of the body, making it transparent. The Art of Invisibility consists of skills employed to make yourself unseeable."
Some arts or systems claim to enable their students to successfully fight against multiple opponents, armed opponents, opponents much larger than them in size, against opponents in an unfavorable situation, or combinations of opponents after a very short period of training, ranging from hours to weeks to months.[citation needed]
[edit] 2 Notes
1. ^ Cross-training permission requirement
2. ^ Cross-training prohibition 1.
3. ^ Cross-training prohibition 2a.
4. ^ Cross-training prohibition 2b.
5. ^ a b Matt Thornton on alive training
6. ^ Exaggerated claims
7. ^ Randi Organization
8. ^ The Secrets of the Ninja
[edit] 3 External links
* Bullshido.net - a site covering various frauds and scams in the Martial Arts community.
* Ashida Kim's Identity and Black Belt Mill Exposed - a bullshido.net article about Ashida Kim's belt factory.
* Are You in A Martial Arts Cult? by Wayne Muromoto
* Real or Fake? Is Your Martial Arts School Legitimate? by Wayne Muromoto
* The Whole Legitimacy Thing by Karl Friday
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullshido"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-13, at 21:54:17. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
This page was last modified on 2008-03-13, at 21:54:17. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.
Please share your thoughts on the matter at this article's entry on the Articles for deletion page.
Feel free to edit the article, but the article must not be blanked, and this notice must not be removed, until the discussion is closed. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the guide to deletion.
Steps to list an article for deletion: 1. {{subst:afd}} 2. {{subst:afd2|pg=Bullshido|cat=|text=}} ~~~~ (categories) 3. {{subst:afd3|pg=Bullshido (2nd nomination)}} (add to top of list) 4. Please consider notifying the author(s) by placing {{subst:adw|Bullshido|Bullshido (2nd nomination)}} ~~~~ on their talk page(s).
{{{text}}}
This article needs sources or references that appear in reliable, third-party publications.
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This article has been tagged since December 2006.
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007)
This article is about the term "bullshido". For a term commonly confused with bullshido, see McDojo, For the article on the website Bullshido.net, see Bullshido.net.
Bullshido is a derogatory term used by some English-speaking martial arts aficionados to describe fraudulent, deceptive, or inept martial arts teaching. It is a portmanteau of bushido, the samurai code of honor, and bullshit. Bullshido is considered to be the antithesis of bushido, and is generally applied to martial arts schools where their instructors publish pseudoscientific claims or unverifiable assertions concerning their lineage or training methods, or emphasize blatant commercialism over substance in teaching, training, personal conduct, or business dealings.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Origin
o 1.1 School exclusivity
o 1.2 Impractical training methods
o 1.3 False/exaggerated lineage
o 1.4 Developing tremendous or mystical abilities from training
* 2 Notes
* 3 External links
[edit] 1 Origin
The term bullshido was popularized by the Bullshido.net website. However, there is evidence that the term was used as early as 1996. In recent usage the bilingual portmanteau reflects a claim held by some in the martial arts community that there are those who train to learn how to fight, those who train to pretend they know how to fight, and those who claim that they can learn how to fight on the street without ever having fought in the dojo. Accused practitioners of bullshido are called “bullshidoka,” combining the term with the Japanese suffix "-ka," meaning “practitioner” (e.g. judoka, aikidoka, karateka, etc.).
In the past, the traditional martial arts community had a system of references. This system of references between different schools would effectively vouch for each other's legitimacy, allowing the community to police itself. A tradition in East Asia was that when an unknown and unreferenced school would open in a community, it would be eventually shut down by other schools nearby through direct challenges - this was a way to develop references for legitimate schools, while exposing fraudulent or ineffective schools and forcing them to close before they could harm or defraud potential students. Today, however, such practices are illegal, and thus anyone could learn a few moves and invent their own style, or even claim to be the secret heir to an unknown and possibly fictitious style, and potentially defraud many people, all while under the protection of local law enforcement.
[edit] 1.1 School exclusivity
One traditional practice some consider to be bullshido is the demand that students not be a part of any other martial arts school of the same style during their tenure at the school, without permission from the instructor.[1] Some schools prohibit training in another style altogether.[2][3][4] Proponents of this regulation believe that learning multiple types of martial arts simultaneously will interfere with the clear transmission of information from the teacher to student.[citation needed] However, opponents hold that as consumers students have the right to pursue whatever endeavors they wish, and that they are only obligated by the school's code of conduct while taking classes at the school. Some opponents also point out that such a rule often exists to minimize the possibility the school's methods or quality of instruction will be seen as being inferior to others'.[5]
[edit] 1.2 Impractical training methods
Bullshido is also said, by proponents of the concept, to consist of training methods that are impractical if they are used outside of the context of the bullshido school. Noted martial artists such as Bruce Lee and Jon Bluming have asserted that board-breaking and kata (forms) are of limited benefit towards actual fighting proficiency and often used as "filler" to occupy class time. This view is very common in modern mixed martial arts or combat sport circles as well. These critics maintain that such ancillary activities often become the focus of one's martial arts training at the expense of learning how to implement the techniques in a realistic situation. They suggest that the best means to prepare to use one's skills in a realistic situation is through the use of full or hard contact, non-stop sparring with which students' current skill levels can be realistically evaluated.[5]
Advocates of methods such as board-breaking assert that these training methods have a valid place in martial arts. Particularly with younger students, accomplishments such as being able to break one or more boards can serve as a tangible sign of accomplishment as they advance in skill or rank. In regards to kata, some advocates claim that kata serve a purpose similar to that of shadowboxing in combat sports; the solo practice of techniques can help focus a student's concentration on proper form and execution against an imaginary opponent. Modern practitioners of martial arts have less issue with these training methods when they are supplemental to intense sparring, rather than as a substitute (which is viewed as bullshido).[citation needed]
[edit] 1.3 False/exaggerated lineage
A common but harmful practice considered to be bullshido is the use of a fictitious or exaggerated lineage to prominent figures in martial arts in order to boost the school's image. Such claims of lineage are typically unverifiable, whereas training under a legitimate school can easily be verified. A variation on this is where legitimate training under notable tutelage is exaggerated - for example, Matt Furey, a former wrestler who markets his own conditioning program, claims that he studied wrestling under the famous wrestler/instructor Karl Gotch for two years - but careful scrutiny indicates that his time was closer to five months, and that he had rarely been directly trained during this time.[6]
Some schools of Asian martial arts[attribution needed] in the West take advantage of the fact that few Westerners can consult people or verify documents in Japanese, Chinese, or other languages. A further deception in conjunction with this is claiming a lengthy lineage that cannot be proven because of a radical historical event that destroyed records or information (for example, a person teaching a Japanese martial art claiming that all records of their art were destroyed in WWII), so that when no record is found, there is a ready explanation.[citation needed]
Given these and other difficulties in verifying the legitimacy of one's claimed experience, many people have created their own styles of martial arts and declared themselves as the founder and master of that system. The widespread emergence of self-styled soke is pejoratively known as Sokemon, which is a play on the words "Sōke" and "Pokémon."[citation needed]
[edit] 1.4 Developing tremendous or mystical abilities from training
The conditioning resulting from rigorous martial or physical training can allow a person physical abilities beyond those of the average person. However, some will exaggerate the ease of gaining these abilities, or make outrageous claims that do not hold up in reality.[7] For example, some martial artists will claim that their training can give them powers of telekinesis, creating an energy projectile to use against opponents (e.g. Jacques-Jean Quero, pretending having telekinetic abilities) or the ability to become invisible. In Ashida Kim's book The Secrets of the Ninja[8] he states:
"Ninjitsu is not a magical technique that will enable you to disassemble your body and reassemble yourself somewhere else. It will not change the structure of the body, making it transparent. The Art of Invisibility consists of skills employed to make yourself unseeable."
Some arts or systems claim to enable their students to successfully fight against multiple opponents, armed opponents, opponents much larger than them in size, against opponents in an unfavorable situation, or combinations of opponents after a very short period of training, ranging from hours to weeks to months.[citation needed]
[edit] 2 Notes
1. ^ Cross-training permission requirement
2. ^ Cross-training prohibition 1.
3. ^ Cross-training prohibition 2a.
4. ^ Cross-training prohibition 2b.
5. ^ a b Matt Thornton on alive training
6. ^ Exaggerated claims
7. ^ Randi Organization
8. ^ The Secrets of the Ninja
[edit] 3 External links
* Bullshido.net - a site covering various frauds and scams in the Martial Arts community.
* Ashida Kim's Identity and Black Belt Mill Exposed - a bullshido.net article about Ashida Kim's belt factory.
* Are You in A Martial Arts Cult? by Wayne Muromoto
* Real or Fake? Is Your Martial Arts School Legitimate? by Wayne Muromoto
* The Whole Legitimacy Thing by Karl Friday
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullshido"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-13, at 21:54:17. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
This page was last modified on 2008-03-13, at 21:54:17. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
10 March 2008
Blue Letter Bible
Blue Letter Bible
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The Blue Letter Bible Project is an initiative of Calvary Chapel members to create a Study Bible in both CD format and for the internet, primarily in support of the Calvary Chapel fellowship of churches. It was founded in November 1995. The Project supports 12 English Bible translations, Hebrew and the Septuagint for the Old Testament, and the Greek Textus Receptus and Westcott-Hort versions for the New Testament. Integrated study tools include Gesenius' Lexicon for the Old Testament, and Thayer's Lexicon for the New Testament, as well as English and Strong's Concordances for the entire Bible. Over 2000 Bible Commentaries are also present.
The Blue Letter Bible (BLB) Project has three ongoing initiatives as of November 2006:
* The BLB CD for gratis distribution to missionaries, pastors and students, with over 100,000 CDs distributed.
* The BLB website for online Bible study in an advertising-free environment. Over 3,500,000 hyperlink cross-references are present, and over 375,000 pages views are distributed (daily average 3rd quarter 2006).
* The BLB Institute for structured Biblical studies, under free registration, with over 28,000 registered students in 3rd quarter 2006.
The BLB Project is administered by the Sowing Circle ministry, which is a California 501(c)(3) Private Operating Foundation.
[edit] 1 Distribution of BLB content
* BLB CD
o Calvary Chapel Magazine, a publisher and affilitate ministry of Calvary Chapel, has distributed over 45,000 BLB CDs to their readership (missionary emphasis), with world-wide distribution.
o Koinonia House, publishers of Personal Update, (distribution over 100,000 monthly) offers free distribution of the BLB CD to their subscribers.
* BLB Website
o Over 1,250 independent websites (link) distribute BLB internet content through BLB search tools embedded within their websites. Example
[edit] 2 Reviews of the Blue Letter Bible
* Northland Baptist Bible College - Technology: Tools for Fulfilling the Great Commission
* Dr. David Hocking - Hope for Today: What is the Blue Letter Bible Institute? (MP3 download)
* The Blue Letter Bible by Rubén Gómez, webmaster, Bible Software Review
* Koinonia House Online - Your Personal Library
* Chizadek - Science, Statistics, Singleness and Scones, Spiritually Speaking
* Some Highly Useful Weblinks, Professor David Richter, Queens College, CUNY
* Sight Magazine, Blue Letter Bible, by James Crook
[edit] 3 External links
* Project's official website
* Parent organization's official website
* BLBi's official website
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Letter_Bible"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:16:17. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:16:17. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.
Please share your thoughts on the matter at this article's entry on the Articles for deletion page.
Feel free to edit the article, but the article must not be blanked, and this notice must not be removed, until the discussion is closed. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the guide to deletion.
Steps to list an article for deletion: 1. {{subst:afd}} 2. {{subst:afd2|pg=Blue Letter Bible|cat=|text=}} ~~~~ (categories) 3. {{subst:afd3|pg=SwordSearcher}} (add to top of list) 4. Please consider notifying the author(s) by placing {{subst:adw|Blue Letter Bible|SwordSearcher}} ~~~~ on their talk page(s).
The Blue Letter Bible Project is an initiative of Calvary Chapel members to create a Study Bible in both CD format and for the internet, primarily in support of the Calvary Chapel fellowship of churches. It was founded in November 1995. The Project supports 12 English Bible translations, Hebrew and the Septuagint for the Old Testament, and the Greek Textus Receptus and Westcott-Hort versions for the New Testament. Integrated study tools include Gesenius' Lexicon for the Old Testament, and Thayer's Lexicon for the New Testament, as well as English and Strong's Concordances for the entire Bible. Over 2000 Bible Commentaries are also present.
The Blue Letter Bible (BLB) Project has three ongoing initiatives as of November 2006:
* The BLB CD for gratis distribution to missionaries, pastors and students, with over 100,000 CDs distributed.
* The BLB website for online Bible study in an advertising-free environment. Over 3,500,000 hyperlink cross-references are present, and over 375,000 pages views are distributed (daily average 3rd quarter 2006).
* The BLB Institute for structured Biblical studies, under free registration, with over 28,000 registered students in 3rd quarter 2006.
The BLB Project is administered by the Sowing Circle ministry, which is a California 501(c)(3) Private Operating Foundation.
[edit] 1 Distribution of BLB content
* BLB CD
o Calvary Chapel Magazine, a publisher and affilitate ministry of Calvary Chapel, has distributed over 45,000 BLB CDs to their readership (missionary emphasis), with world-wide distribution.
o Koinonia House, publishers of Personal Update, (distribution over 100,000 monthly) offers free distribution of the BLB CD to their subscribers.
* BLB Website
o Over 1,250 independent websites (link) distribute BLB internet content through BLB search tools embedded within their websites. Example
[edit] 2 Reviews of the Blue Letter Bible
* Northland Baptist Bible College - Technology: Tools for Fulfilling the Great Commission
* Dr. David Hocking - Hope for Today: What is the Blue Letter Bible Institute? (MP3 download)
* The Blue Letter Bible by Rubén Gómez, webmaster, Bible Software Review
* Koinonia House Online - Your Personal Library
* Chizadek - Science, Statistics, Singleness and Scones, Spiritually Speaking
* Some Highly Useful Weblinks, Professor David Richter, Queens College, CUNY
* Sight Magazine, Blue Letter Bible, by James Crook
[edit] 3 External links
* Project's official website
* Parent organization's official website
* BLBi's official website
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Letter_Bible"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:16:17. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:16:17. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
Cross Wire Bible Society
The CrossWire Bible Society
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Please share your thoughts on the matter at this article's entry on the Articles for deletion page.
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The CrossWire Bible Society is a virtual Bible society producing free software for Bible study for various computing platforms and packaging biblical texts, commentaries, dictionaries and related books for its software. Its current efforts are known as The SWORD Project. It's at http://www.crosswire.org/index.jsp.
This software-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CrossWire_Bible_Society"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:17:48. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
Languages: Português
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:17:48. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.
Please share your thoughts on the matter at this article's entry on the Articles for deletion page.
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Steps to list an article for deletion: 1. {{subst:afd}} 2. {{subst:afd2|pg=The CrossWire Bible Society|cat=|text=}} ~~~~ (categories) 3. {{subst:afd3|pg=SwordSearcher}} (add to top of list) 4. Please consider notifying the author(s) by placing {{subst:adw|The CrossWire Bible Society|SwordSearcher}} ~~~~ on their talk page(s).
The CrossWire Bible Society is a virtual Bible society producing free software for Bible study for various computing platforms and packaging biblical texts, commentaries, dictionaries and related books for its software. Its current efforts are known as The SWORD Project. It's at http://www.crosswire.org/index.jsp.
This software-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This article about a Christian organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CrossWire_Bible_Society"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:17:48. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
Languages: Português
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:17:48. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
Bible Reader For Palm
Bible Reader for Palm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Feel free to edit the article, but the article must not be blanked, and this notice must not be removed, until the discussion is closed. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the guide to deletion.
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Bible Reader for Palm
Bible Reader 1.13
Developed by Asaisoft, Poetry Poon
Latest release 1.13 / 2003-04-14
OS Palm OS
Genre e-books
License GNU GPL (to Nov. 2002), Proprietary (since Nov. 2002)
Website website unavailable
Bible Reader for Palm is an application for Palm OS 3.5 produced by Hong Kong company Asaisoft. It allows the user to read Bibles stored in RAM or on a Memory card via VFS. Besides reading the Bible, Bible Reader can search the Bible. Users can keep track of favorite verses by bookmarks and compare different versions by parallel windows.
The Bible Reader project was started in August 2001 by Poetry Poon as an open source project licensed under the GNU GPL. However, this changed in November 2002 when Poon decided to go closed source in order to support copyrighted versions of the Bible.
Bible Reader is the basis for Palm Bible Plus.
[edit] External links and sources
* Bible Reader Website (via the Wayback Machine)
* Poetry Poon's announcement about the closing of the Bible Reader source
This software-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This Christianity-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Reader_for_Palm"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:15:50. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:15:50. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.
Please share your thoughts on the matter at this article's entry on the Articles for deletion page.
Feel free to edit the article, but the article must not be blanked, and this notice must not be removed, until the discussion is closed. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the guide to deletion.
Steps to list an article for deletion: 1. {{subst:afd}} 2. {{subst:afd2|pg=Bible Reader for Palm|cat=|text=}} ~~~~ (categories) 3. {{subst:afd3|pg=SwordSearcher}} (add to top of list) 4. Please consider notifying the author(s) by placing {{subst:adw|Bible Reader for Palm|SwordSearcher}} ~~~~ on their talk page(s).
Bible Reader for Palm
Bible Reader 1.13
Developed by Asaisoft, Poetry Poon
Latest release 1.13 / 2003-04-14
OS Palm OS
Genre e-books
License GNU GPL (to Nov. 2002), Proprietary (since Nov. 2002)
Website website unavailable
Bible Reader for Palm is an application for Palm OS 3.5 produced by Hong Kong company Asaisoft. It allows the user to read Bibles stored in RAM or on a Memory card via VFS. Besides reading the Bible, Bible Reader can search the Bible. Users can keep track of favorite verses by bookmarks and compare different versions by parallel windows.
The Bible Reader project was started in August 2001 by Poetry Poon as an open source project licensed under the GNU GPL. However, this changed in November 2002 when Poon decided to go closed source in order to support copyrighted versions of the Bible.
Bible Reader is the basis for Palm Bible Plus.
[edit] External links and sources
* Bible Reader Website (via the Wayback Machine)
* Poetry Poon's announcement about the closing of the Bible Reader source
This software-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This Christianity-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Reader_for_Palm"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:15:50. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:15:50. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity
Palm Bible Plus
Palm Bible Plus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.
Please share your thoughts on the matter at this article's entry on the Articles for deletion page.
Feel free to edit the article, but the article must not be blanked, and this notice must not be removed, until the discussion is closed. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the guide to deletion.
Steps to list an article for deletion: 1. {{subst:afd}} 2. {{subst:afd2|pg=Palm Bible Plus|cat=|text=}} ~~~~ (categories) 3. {{subst:afd3|pg=SwordSearcher}} (add to top of list) 4. Please consider notifying the author(s) by placing {{subst:adw|Palm Bible Plus|SwordSearcher}} ~~~~ on their talk page(s).
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Palm Bible Plus
On the top half of the screen, John 3:16 in the King James Version is shown; the same verse is also shown in the Textus Receptus (Greek) at the bottom. John 3:16 is highlighted in yellow because it is bookmarked
Developed by Yih-Chun Hu (formerly Poetry Poon)
Latest release 3.2 / 2005-11-28
OS Palm OS
Genre e-books
License GNU GPL
Website http://palmbibleplus.sourceforge.net/
Palm Bible Plus is an open source document viewing program for Palm OS-based PDAs, focused on displaying the Bible and commentaries about the Bible. It allows the user to read Bibles stored in RAM or on a memory card via VFS. It is licensed under the GNU GPL.
This program is a fork of Bible Reader for Palm, a project started in August 2001 by Poetry Poon as an open source project licensed under the GNU GPL. However, this changed in November 2002 when Poon decided to go closed source. Yih-Chun Hu then began and led the project, which improved and refined the program as an open source program.
Besides reading the Bible and being able to navigate to specific locations, Bible Reader can search the Bible using three different search systems (phrase, set of terms, or boolean search query) and immediately jump to related verses using its cross-reference system (by tapping on the verse number). It includes a bookmark system; bookmarks can be assigned to categories, and each category can highlight verses with different colors. Text notes can be added and associated with verses or bookmarks. Two different documents can be displayed simultaneously in parallel windows, which are then kept in sync (these documents can be different translations or commentaries). It can also perform dictionary lookup on double tap of a word, using the Plucker Plugin Interface (PPI) to other programs. Other features include built-in support for Hebrew and Greek fonts, "snapshots" to store search and navigation settings, text rotation, support for display "skins" and plug-ins, and auto-scrolling.
A vast number of Bible translations and commentaries are available for Palm Bible Plus. English translations available include the traditional King James Version (KJV) and the modern well-respected translation the English Standard Version (ESV). Many other versions in many other languages, including the original Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic text, are available. The program allows two views to be seen at once, allowing someone to view two different translations, a translation and the original, or some text and a commentary at the same time.
This program is a popular bible reader on Palm-based PDAs since it costs nothing, is open source / free software, has a large number of documents available for it, and is actively maintained.
Palm Bible Plus Bible files in PDB format can be read in Symbian OS platform using Symbianbible application (free software/open source). The PDB file reader engine for Symbianbible was ported from Palm Bible Plus.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Bible_Plus"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:15:25. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:15:25. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.
Please share your thoughts on the matter at this article's entry on the Articles for deletion page.
Feel free to edit the article, but the article must not be blanked, and this notice must not be removed, until the discussion is closed. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the guide to deletion.
Steps to list an article for deletion: 1. {{subst:afd}} 2. {{subst:afd2|pg=Palm Bible Plus|cat=|text=}} ~~~~ (categories) 3. {{subst:afd3|pg=SwordSearcher}} (add to top of list) 4. Please consider notifying the author(s) by placing {{subst:adw|Palm Bible Plus|SwordSearcher}} ~~~~ on their talk page(s).
This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2007)
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
Palm Bible Plus
On the top half of the screen, John 3:16 in the King James Version is shown; the same verse is also shown in the Textus Receptus (Greek) at the bottom. John 3:16 is highlighted in yellow because it is bookmarked
Developed by Yih-Chun Hu (formerly Poetry Poon)
Latest release 3.2 / 2005-11-28
OS Palm OS
Genre e-books
License GNU GPL
Website http://palmbibleplus.sourceforge.net/
Palm Bible Plus is an open source document viewing program for Palm OS-based PDAs, focused on displaying the Bible and commentaries about the Bible. It allows the user to read Bibles stored in RAM or on a memory card via VFS. It is licensed under the GNU GPL.
This program is a fork of Bible Reader for Palm, a project started in August 2001 by Poetry Poon as an open source project licensed under the GNU GPL. However, this changed in November 2002 when Poon decided to go closed source. Yih-Chun Hu then began and led the project, which improved and refined the program as an open source program.
Besides reading the Bible and being able to navigate to specific locations, Bible Reader can search the Bible using three different search systems (phrase, set of terms, or boolean search query) and immediately jump to related verses using its cross-reference system (by tapping on the verse number). It includes a bookmark system; bookmarks can be assigned to categories, and each category can highlight verses with different colors. Text notes can be added and associated with verses or bookmarks. Two different documents can be displayed simultaneously in parallel windows, which are then kept in sync (these documents can be different translations or commentaries). It can also perform dictionary lookup on double tap of a word, using the Plucker Plugin Interface (PPI) to other programs. Other features include built-in support for Hebrew and Greek fonts, "snapshots" to store search and navigation settings, text rotation, support for display "skins" and plug-ins, and auto-scrolling.
A vast number of Bible translations and commentaries are available for Palm Bible Plus. English translations available include the traditional King James Version (KJV) and the modern well-respected translation the English Standard Version (ESV). Many other versions in many other languages, including the original Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic text, are available. The program allows two views to be seen at once, allowing someone to view two different translations, a translation and the original, or some text and a commentary at the same time.
This program is a popular bible reader on Palm-based PDAs since it costs nothing, is open source / free software, has a large number of documents available for it, and is actively maintained.
Palm Bible Plus Bible files in PDB format can be read in Symbian OS platform using Symbianbible application (free software/open source). The PDB file reader engine for Symbianbible was ported from Palm Bible Plus.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Bible_Plus"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:15:25. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:15:25. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
e-Sword
e-Sword
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Please share your thoughts on the matter at this article's entry on the Articles for deletion page.
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e-Sword
Design by Rick Meyers
Developed by Rick Meyers
Initial release April 2000
Latest release 7.9.8 / 25 February 2008
OS Microsoft Windows
Available in English
Development status Active
Genre Bible Study Tools
License The e-Sword License
Website Pocket e-Sword homepage
Pocket e-Sword
Design by Rick Meyers
Developed by Rick Meyers
Initial release December 2003
Latest release 3.0.1 / 17 May 2007
OS Microsoft Windows Mobile 5, Microsoft Windows Mobile 6, Pocket PC 2002, Pocket PC 2003
Available in English
Development status Active
Genre Bible Study Tools
License The e-Sword License
Website Pocket e-Sword homepage
e-Sword is a Bible study computer software package created by Rick Meyers and developed for Microsoft Windows and Pocket PC. Development started in January 2000. Since that time, it has continually grown in popularity, reaching 6,000,000 downloads in July 2007[1]. e-Sword supports several English translations, as well as translations into many other languages.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Purpose
* 2 e-Sword Features
o 2.1 Bibles
+ 2.1.1 Compare Tab
+ 2.1.2 Parallel Tab
+ 2.1.3 Bible Reading Plans
+ 2.1.4 Bookmarks
+ 2.1.5 Verse Lists
+ 2.1.6 Verse Highlighting
o 2.2 Commentaries
+ 2.2.1 Study Notes
o 2.3 Dictionaries
o 2.4 Devotionals
+ 2.4.1 Prayer List
+ 2.4.2 Scripture Memory Verse List
o 2.5 Map / Graphic Viewer
o 2.6 Harmony
o 2.7 Sermon Illustrations
o 2.8 Topical Notes
o 2.9 STEP Viewer
* 3 Distribution
* 4 The e-Sword License
* 5 Resources
o 5.1 Official Resources
o 5.2 Commercial Resources
* 6 Users
o 6.1 User Support Groups
o 6.2 User Created Utility Programs
o 6.3 User Created Resources
+ 6.3.1 Issues with User Created Resources
# 6.3.1.1 Quality Control
# 6.3.1.2 Copyright
# 6.3.1.3 Bibliographic Data
# 6.3.1.4 Locating Resources
* 7 The SWORD Project
* 8 Reviews and Awards
o 8.1 Reviews of e-Sword
o 8.2 Reviews of Pocket e-Sword
o 8.3 Awards for e-Sword
o 8.4 Awards for Pocket e-Sword
o 8.5 Surveys
* 9 External links
* 10 References
[edit] 1 Purpose
Rick Meyers desired to make Bible study freely available to anyone, while also providing power and depth to research. His theme verse is Matthew 10:8 "Freely you receive. Freely give". Rick Meyers states on the e-Sword homepage:
As a Bible student and teacher I have experienced the necessary work involved in searching the Scriptures for the competent preparation of a Bible study, Sunday school lesson, or a sermon. There are volumes of books available as study tools (and the Christian community is indebted to the various authors' perseverance and scholarship), but there is not enough time, money, or shelf space to properly take advantage of these resources. Computer software has changed the way we can study the Word of GOD. With a simple search or click of the mouse button, we now have access to these same volumes of scholarship within seconds![2]
[edit] 2 e-Sword Features
Version 7.9.4 offers the following components:
* Bible
* Bible Reading Plan
* Commentary
* Dictionary
* Devotional
* Gospel Harmony
* Map / Graphic Viewer
* Prayer List
* Scripture Memory Verse List
* Sermon Illustrations
* STEP viewer
* Study Notes
* Topical Notes
The program allows the user to view the text of the Bible, Bible commentaries, study notes and dictionaries. Through its customizable layout the user can chose which of these resources to view at once, or how they are arranged in an optional split screen view[3].
[edit] 2.1 Bibles
The first 253 installed Bibles are viewable in tabs. All Bibles are linked to the same open reference. This allows the reader to switch back and forth between versions seamlessly.
Examples of available Bibles are La Biblia de las Américas, The Holman Christian Standard Bible, and The Targum of Jonathan Ben Uzziel (Pseudo-Jonathan).
[edit] 2.1.1 Compare Tab
The compare tab allows the reader to view the currently selected verse in Bibles.[4] There are two known issues with this tab:
* Bibles in Hebrew, Aramaic, and other Right to left writing systems are not displayed in the comparison field. (This is due to bugs in Microsoft Windows, and Microsoft Access.);
* This tab is not displayed if more than 253 Bibles have been installed in e-Sword. (This is due to bugs in the toolset that e-Sword was created with.);
[edit] 2.1.2 Parallel Tab
The parallel tab allows the reader to create a customized Parallel Bible of up to four versions [5].
The only way to read the 254th, and subsequent Bibles that have been installed in e-Sword, is to use the parallel tab.
[edit] 2.1.3 Bible Reading Plans
Bible reading plans enable one to easily track one's progress in systematically reading the Bible. For e-Sword, one has to click on a completed icon, for it to start at the correct reading the next time one opens this component.
These resources can be easily created from within e-Sword. Some end users have created more customized reading plans, by using one of the e-Sword Utility Programs.
[edit] 2.1.4 Bookmarks
Up to ten verses can be bookmarked. The bookmarks are displayed as yellow flags on the side of the Bible.
[edit] 2.1.5 Verse Lists
Customized verse lists of any size can be easily created by users. These are frequently used to store the results of searches. Icons on the tool bar allow one to easily switch verses, without reloading the verse list. For example: The proposed components of the Documentary Hypothesis have been distributed as a set of Verse Lists.
[edit] 2.1.6 Verse Highlighting
A basic palate of six colors, and an extended palette of 48 color are offered to highlight text. Four different ways to underline text are available. These are stored in a separate file, so that it can be easily shared with others. The highlighting is translation/resource dependent. Markup for the 1769 KJV will not be displayed for any other translation.
[edit] 2.2 Commentaries
Many commentaries are available for download[6].
Examples of available commentaries include Matthew Henry's Commentary, The Preacher's Commentary Set, and Allusions to the NT in the Ante-Nicene Fathers
[edit] 2.2.1 Study Notes
The Study Notes option allows the reader to chronicle his own thoughts as he studies the text, creating a custom and personalized commentary.[7]
Some e-Sword utility programs (Text2DAO, Commentary Module Editor) claim to convert a Study Note file to commentary file.
The Pulpit Commentary is an example of resource that has been distributed as a study note file.
[edit] 2.3 Dictionaries
Many original language and English language dictionaries are available for download so as to facilitate in depth understanding of the text.[8]
Examples of dictionaries include International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vine’s Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words, and Wulfilla Gothic Concordance.
[edit] 2.4 Devotionals
Devotional resources include Day By Day by Grace'by Bob Hoekstra, Revised Common Lectionary Readings (2006-2008), and My Utmost for his Highest.
[edit] 2.4.1 Prayer List
This component functions as a way for the individual to track their prayers. Who is to be prayed for, and why the request was made.
Examples of user created and distributed Prayer modules are The Prayers for the Rosary (Roman Catholic), and The Catholic Prayers(Latin, Italian, Spanish, and English versions.).
[edit] 2.4.2 Scripture Memory Verse List
This component allows one to easily create a list of verses to memorize. Several tests to see how well one has memorized the passage are included. The only two resources of this type to be publicly distributed are Four Spiritual Laws and The Roman Road.
Bold text[[[Link title]
[edit] 2.5 Map / Graphic Viewer
Every good study Bible has a set of maps. pulls up the maps for e-Sword. Distributed map sets include The CIA World Fact Book, and Son Light Bible Atlas.
[edit] 2.6 Harmony
This functionality was included in version 7.8.1, released 25 December 2006. The only resource that is currently available is A. T. Robertson's A Harmony of the Gospels. Other sets of parallel passages, such as The Ten Commandments have been announced, but not publicly released.
[edit] 2.7 Sermon Illustrations
This functionality was included in version 7.9.3, released on 17 January, 2008. Bible Illustrations, published by AMG Publications, is the only resource that will be available for this component.
[edit] 2.8 Topical Notes
The original concept was that this would be user created notes on specific topics. Because of the ease with which users could create this type of resource, it became the format for creating a theological library for e-Sword.
Ante-Nicene Fathers, John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, Nelson's Bible Manners and Customs,and Encyclopedia of Bible Facts are examples of topical files created by Equipping Ministries.
User created resources reflect the entire theological spectrum:
* Gnostic Gospels of Thomas, Phillip, and Truth
* Adrianus Haemstedius' Historie Der Martlearen
* The Didache
* The Babylonian Talmud
* New World Translation Bible Words Indexed
* The Writings of Charles Spurgeon
* The Writings of John Gill
* Max Muller's Sacred Books of the East
* Aleister Crowley's Liber Al vel Legis
* The Quran
* The Egyptian Book of the Dead
* The Tao te Ching
* The Bhagavad Gita
[edit] 2.9 STEP Viewer
e-Sword remains as one of the few programs to offer a viewer for STEP (Standard Template for Electronic Publishing) resources. Light By Designhas licensed several resources for distribution from the e-Sword Home Site.
[edit] 3 Distribution
E-Sword is available for download from its homepage. Alternatively, it can be obtained on CD, for a donation of $25.00, or more. The program downloads with the Strong's Concordance and the King James Version annotated with Strong's reference numbers. Other resources can be downloaded and installed by users.
From October 2001 though December 2002, Sovereign Grace Publishers included e-Sword in a CD that accompanied their hard copy Bibles.[9]
Ubuntu Christian Edition includes scripts to automatically download and install e-Sword. [10] For licensing reasons, e-Sword can not be included in this, or any other distribution.
[edit] 4 The e-Sword License
The inspiration for the license used by e-Sword comes from Matthew 10:8. "Freely you receive. Freely give". The major intent of the license is:
* e-Sword is to be distributed gratis[11];
* e-Sword resources are not to be sold at a profit;
* e-Sword content is not to be distributed on a for-profit website[12];
All documentation and modules fall under this license, unless the documentation or module creator has specified a different license. Most user created documentation uses the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial - Share alike 2.0 License.
Starting with version 7.8.1, a PDF copy of the e-Sword license has been installed in the e-Sword directory, as part of the program installation. The license is also displayed from the Help Menu.
[edit] 5 Resources
[edit] 5.1 Official Resources
Official resources can be found at the e-Sword download page. Resources in roughly 34 languages are available from this site.
Some user created resources can be found at UserMods
[edit] 5.2 Commercial Resources
eStudySource is the primary outlet of resources that must be purchased[13]. Some publishers, such as The Lockman Foundation prefer to sell e-Sword resources of their material through their website.
[edit] 6 Users
The projects of a small group of e-Sword activists are not officially sanctioned. The results of those projects have spurred the popularity of the program.
[edit] 6.1 User Support Groups
English is the dominant language of the support lists. Venues for Korean, Dutch, German, Spanish, Romanian, and French exist.
Korean users are supported by a web forum. French, German, Dutch, and Romanian users are supported by mailing lists on Yahoogroups. Spanish and English users are supported by mailing lists, and web forums hosted at various sites on the Internet. The size of these groups ranges from 5,342 on the English eSword to Twelve on the French e-Sword list. Activity on the support groups fluctuates.
Whilst the program is not easily used by those with accessibility issues, eSword-Accessibility provides some support for those individuals.
[edit] 6.2 User Created Utility Programs
Users have created a number of tools to ease the process of creating new resources. Whilst documentation is lacking, their usage can be seen in the number of resources bearing a line stated that the tool was used to create the resource.
The most popular utility programs are:
* Biblos, used to import text files into Bible and Dictionary resources;
* Ben's e-Sword Tool, used to import text files into different types of resources;
* MFC Creator, used for creating MAP/graphic resources;
* Text2DAO, used for creating most resource types;
* TheWORDpad Editor, used for editing existing resources;
* The Tooltip Generator converts scriptural references that, when moused-over, will be displayed as a tooltip.
[edit] 6.3 User Created Resources
The utility programs have made it very easy for users to create, and distribute resources. STEP modules are the only type that users have not created, and subsequently distributed. (The STEP capabilities is similar with e-Sword's Topic module's)
Users have created resources in sixty different languages ranging from Lugandan to Klingon. English and Spanish are the most popular modern languages. Hebrew and Greek are the most popular Biblical languages.
[edit] 6.3.1 Issues with User Created Resources
There are some issues with user created resources[14]:
In the past year, some users have tackled the following issues: Their effectiveness has yet to be determined.
[edit] 6.3.1.1 Quality Control
This ranges from very good, to non-existent:
* Textus Receptus (Stephanus) includes an accurate, comprehensive morphological interlinear markup;
* One version of the Spanish Biblia de Jerusalem skips verses, duplicates entire chapters, and misplaces entire books;
While e-Sword base format (MS-Access database) can be password protected, there's various tool to unlock Access file instantly. Therefore, assessing a module integrity is harder when no official download available.
[edit] 6.3.1.2 Copyright
Because of the ease with which material can be converted into e-Sword, resources that violate copyright law have been publicly distributed. Examples include English and Spanish versions of New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (Jehovah's Witnesses' translation), The Spanish translation of The Jerusalem Bible (1st, 2nd, and 3rd editions), The Dead Sea Scrolls, and The Nag Hammadi Library (2nd edition).
The sporadically issued Currently Available e-Sword Resources [15]attempts to list the copyright status of e-Sword resources.
[edit] 6.3.1.3 Bibliographic Data
This can range from the very good --- to the point of including the copyright notice of the material it is pirating [16] --- to non-existent[17].
The e-Sword Module Database attempted to provide full bibliographic information for the resources it listed.
[edit] 6.3.1.4 Locating Resources
Due to the absence of a centralized listing of user created e-Sword resources, there has been some duplication of effort in creating resources. For example, five different versions of the Didache. An additional effect is that when a user site goes down, the resources usually are no longer available for public distribution.
* Original Languages Library contains a current list of all publicly distributed Biblical language resources, along with where they can be obtained from;
* The sporadically issued Currently Available e-Sword Resources attempts to list the name and location of modules for e-Sword;
* Premium e-Sword Modules restricts itself to resources that are commercially distributed.
[edit] 7 The SWORD Project
The SWORD Project is an API for Bible Study Software. Despite the similarity in names, there is no connection between e-Sword and the SWORD Project, or any of the programs (including The SWORD Project for Windows, BibleTime, GnomeSword, MacSword, and BibleDesktop) that use its API.
Potentially adding to the confusion between the two projects are a group of utility programs which enable users to convert resources for one project into a format usable by the other project.
[edit] 8 Reviews and Awards
[edit] 8.1 Reviews of e-Sword
Bible Software Review 20 October 2005. e-Sword version 7.7.7. http://www.bsreview.org/index.php?modulo=Reviews&id=19
Christian Computing Magazine September 2006 e-Sword version 7.7 http://www.ccmag2.com/2006_09/2006_09techtalk.pdf
Christian Computing Magazine November2007. e-Sword version 7.8.5 http://www.e-sword.net/1107techtalk.pdf
[edit] 8.2 Reviews of Pocket e-Sword
Bible Software Review 26 November 2005 Pocket e-Sword 2.5 http://www.bsreview.org/blog/2004/11/pocket_esword_25.html
[edit] 8.3 Awards for e-Sword
[edit] 8.4 Awards for Pocket e-Sword
* 2004 Pocket PC Magazine Text and Reference Bible Software
http://www.pocketpcmag.com/_archives/feb05/fromthejudges.aspx
* 2005 Pocket PC Magazine Finalist: http://www.pocketpcmag.com/awards/category_2005.asp?catid=42
* 2006 Pocket PC Magazine : http://www.pocketpcmag.com/awards/category_2006.asp?catid=42
* 2007 Pocket PC Best Software Awards (Religious) : Finalist
http://www.pocketpcmag.com/awards/category_all_2007_newquery.asp
[edit] 8.5 Surveys
For most of 2005, Bible software blog ran a survey on what Bible study Software was used. e-Sword garnered the most votes in the free/shareware category. It also had more votes than any of the Commercial programs. Full results of the survey can be found at http://www.bsreview.org/survey05.htm
[edit] 9 External links
* www.e-sword.net
[edit] 10 References
1. ^ e-Sword History. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
2. ^ e-Sword Homepage. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
3. ^ e-Sword Splitscreen. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
4. ^ e-Sword Compare Tab. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
5. ^ e-Sword Parallel Bible. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
6. ^ e-Sword History. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
7. ^ e-Sword Downloads. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
8. ^ e-Sword Downloads. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
9. ^ e-Sword - the Sword of the LORD with an electronic edge
10. ^ Ubuntu Christian Edition
11. ^ Point 2: The e-Sword License.PDF. This document is installed in the e-Sword directory, in version 7.8.1 or higher. It is also viewable from the Help menu in the main screen.
12. ^ Point 3: The e-Sword License.PDF.
13. ^ New Company Makes Bible E-Content - 2/21/2007 - Publishers Weekly
14. ^ Bible software Review
15. ^ Blake, Jonathon (2005 - 2007), Currently Available e-Sword Resources (PDF ed.), Self published,
16. ^ "Dake's Commentary of the Bible" as an example.
17. ^ "Created using Biblos" is very common for user created Spanish resources.
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Sword"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:16:49. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
Languages: Suomi | 中文
This page was last modified on 2008-03-09, at 21:16:49. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.
Please share your thoughts on the matter at this article's entry on the Articles for deletion page.
Feel free to edit the article, but the article must not be blanked, and this notice must not be removed, until the discussion is closed. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the guide to deletion.
Steps to list an article for deletion: 1. {{subst:afd}} 2. {{subst:afd2|pg=E-Sword|cat=|text=}} ~~~~ (categories) 3. {{subst:afd3|pg=SwordSearcher}} (add to top of list) 4. Please consider notifying the author(s) by placing {{subst:adw|E-Sword|SwordSearcher}} ~~~~ on their talk page(s).
e-Sword
Design by Rick Meyers
Developed by Rick Meyers
Initial release April 2000
Latest release 7.9.8 / 25 February 2008
OS Microsoft Windows
Available in English
Development status Active
Genre Bible Study Tools
License The e-Sword License
Website Pocket e-Sword homepage
Pocket e-Sword
Design by Rick Meyers
Developed by Rick Meyers
Initial release December 2003
Latest release 3.0.1 / 17 May 2007
OS Microsoft Windows Mobile 5, Microsoft Windows Mobile 6, Pocket PC 2002, Pocket PC 2003
Available in English
Development status Active
Genre Bible Study Tools
License The e-Sword License
Website Pocket e-Sword homepage
e-Sword is a Bible study computer software package created by Rick Meyers and developed for Microsoft Windows and Pocket PC. Development started in January 2000. Since that time, it has continually grown in popularity, reaching 6,000,000 downloads in July 2007[1]. e-Sword supports several English translations, as well as translations into many other languages.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Purpose
* 2 e-Sword Features
o 2.1 Bibles
+ 2.1.1 Compare Tab
+ 2.1.2 Parallel Tab
+ 2.1.3 Bible Reading Plans
+ 2.1.4 Bookmarks
+ 2.1.5 Verse Lists
+ 2.1.6 Verse Highlighting
o 2.2 Commentaries
+ 2.2.1 Study Notes
o 2.3 Dictionaries
o 2.4 Devotionals
+ 2.4.1 Prayer List
+ 2.4.2 Scripture Memory Verse List
o 2.5 Map / Graphic Viewer
o 2.6 Harmony
o 2.7 Sermon Illustrations
o 2.8 Topical Notes
o 2.9 STEP Viewer
* 3 Distribution
* 4 The e-Sword License
* 5 Resources
o 5.1 Official Resources
o 5.2 Commercial Resources
* 6 Users
o 6.1 User Support Groups
o 6.2 User Created Utility Programs
o 6.3 User Created Resources
+ 6.3.1 Issues with User Created Resources
# 6.3.1.1 Quality Control
# 6.3.1.2 Copyright
# 6.3.1.3 Bibliographic Data
# 6.3.1.4 Locating Resources
* 7 The SWORD Project
* 8 Reviews and Awards
o 8.1 Reviews of e-Sword
o 8.2 Reviews of Pocket e-Sword
o 8.3 Awards for e-Sword
o 8.4 Awards for Pocket e-Sword
o 8.5 Surveys
* 9 External links
* 10 References
[edit] 1 Purpose
Rick Meyers desired to make Bible study freely available to anyone, while also providing power and depth to research. His theme verse is Matthew 10:8 "Freely you receive. Freely give". Rick Meyers states on the e-Sword homepage:
As a Bible student and teacher I have experienced the necessary work involved in searching the Scriptures for the competent preparation of a Bible study, Sunday school lesson, or a sermon. There are volumes of books available as study tools (and the Christian community is indebted to the various authors' perseverance and scholarship), but there is not enough time, money, or shelf space to properly take advantage of these resources. Computer software has changed the way we can study the Word of GOD. With a simple search or click of the mouse button, we now have access to these same volumes of scholarship within seconds![2]
[edit] 2 e-Sword Features
Version 7.9.4 offers the following components:
* Bible
* Bible Reading Plan
* Commentary
* Dictionary
* Devotional
* Gospel Harmony
* Map / Graphic Viewer
* Prayer List
* Scripture Memory Verse List
* Sermon Illustrations
* STEP viewer
* Study Notes
* Topical Notes
The program allows the user to view the text of the Bible, Bible commentaries, study notes and dictionaries. Through its customizable layout the user can chose which of these resources to view at once, or how they are arranged in an optional split screen view[3].
[edit] 2.1 Bibles
The first 253 installed Bibles are viewable in tabs. All Bibles are linked to the same open reference. This allows the reader to switch back and forth between versions seamlessly.
Examples of available Bibles are La Biblia de las Américas, The Holman Christian Standard Bible, and The Targum of Jonathan Ben Uzziel (Pseudo-Jonathan).
[edit] 2.1.1 Compare Tab
The compare tab allows the reader to view the currently selected verse in Bibles.[4] There are two known issues with this tab:
* Bibles in Hebrew, Aramaic, and other Right to left writing systems are not displayed in the comparison field. (This is due to bugs in Microsoft Windows, and Microsoft Access.);
* This tab is not displayed if more than 253 Bibles have been installed in e-Sword. (This is due to bugs in the toolset that e-Sword was created with.);
[edit] 2.1.2 Parallel Tab
The parallel tab allows the reader to create a customized Parallel Bible of up to four versions [5].
The only way to read the 254th, and subsequent Bibles that have been installed in e-Sword, is to use the parallel tab.
[edit] 2.1.3 Bible Reading Plans
Bible reading plans enable one to easily track one's progress in systematically reading the Bible. For e-Sword, one has to click on a completed icon, for it to start at the correct reading the next time one opens this component.
These resources can be easily created from within e-Sword. Some end users have created more customized reading plans, by using one of the e-Sword Utility Programs.
[edit] 2.1.4 Bookmarks
Up to ten verses can be bookmarked. The bookmarks are displayed as yellow flags on the side of the Bible.
[edit] 2.1.5 Verse Lists
Customized verse lists of any size can be easily created by users. These are frequently used to store the results of searches. Icons on the tool bar allow one to easily switch verses, without reloading the verse list. For example: The proposed components of the Documentary Hypothesis have been distributed as a set of Verse Lists.
[edit] 2.1.6 Verse Highlighting
A basic palate of six colors, and an extended palette of 48 color are offered to highlight text. Four different ways to underline text are available. These are stored in a separate file, so that it can be easily shared with others. The highlighting is translation/resource dependent. Markup for the 1769 KJV will not be displayed for any other translation.
[edit] 2.2 Commentaries
Many commentaries are available for download[6].
Examples of available commentaries include Matthew Henry's Commentary, The Preacher's Commentary Set, and Allusions to the NT in the Ante-Nicene Fathers
[edit] 2.2.1 Study Notes
The Study Notes option allows the reader to chronicle his own thoughts as he studies the text, creating a custom and personalized commentary.[7]
Some e-Sword utility programs (Text2DAO, Commentary Module Editor) claim to convert a Study Note file to commentary file.
The Pulpit Commentary is an example of resource that has been distributed as a study note file.
[edit] 2.3 Dictionaries
Many original language and English language dictionaries are available for download so as to facilitate in depth understanding of the text.[8]
Examples of dictionaries include International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vine’s Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words, and Wulfilla Gothic Concordance.
[edit] 2.4 Devotionals
Devotional resources include Day By Day by Grace'by Bob Hoekstra, Revised Common Lectionary Readings (2006-2008), and My Utmost for his Highest.
[edit] 2.4.1 Prayer List
This component functions as a way for the individual to track their prayers. Who is to be prayed for, and why the request was made.
Examples of user created and distributed Prayer modules are The Prayers for the Rosary (Roman Catholic), and The Catholic Prayers(Latin, Italian, Spanish, and English versions.).
[edit] 2.4.2 Scripture Memory Verse List
This component allows one to easily create a list of verses to memorize. Several tests to see how well one has memorized the passage are included. The only two resources of this type to be publicly distributed are Four Spiritual Laws and The Roman Road.
Bold text[[[Link title]
[edit] 2.5 Map / Graphic Viewer
Every good study Bible has a set of maps.
[edit] 2.6 Harmony
This functionality was included in version 7.8.1, released 25 December 2006. The only resource that is currently available is A. T. Robertson's A Harmony of the Gospels. Other sets of parallel passages, such as The Ten Commandments have been announced, but not publicly released.
[edit] 2.7 Sermon Illustrations
This functionality was included in version 7.9.3, released on 17 January, 2008. Bible Illustrations, published by AMG Publications, is the only resource that will be available for this component.
[edit] 2.8 Topical Notes
The original concept was that this would be user created notes on specific topics. Because of the ease with which users could create this type of resource, it became the format for creating a theological library for e-Sword.
Ante-Nicene Fathers, John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, Nelson's Bible Manners and Customs,and Encyclopedia of Bible Facts are examples of topical files created by Equipping Ministries.
User created resources reflect the entire theological spectrum:
* Gnostic Gospels of Thomas, Phillip, and Truth
* Adrianus Haemstedius' Historie Der Martlearen
* The Didache
* The Babylonian Talmud
* New World Translation Bible Words Indexed
* The Writings of Charles Spurgeon
* The Writings of John Gill
* Max Muller's Sacred Books of the East
* Aleister Crowley's Liber Al vel Legis
* The Quran
* The Egyptian Book of the Dead
* The Tao te Ching
* The Bhagavad Gita
[edit] 2.9 STEP Viewer
e-Sword remains as one of the few programs to offer a viewer for STEP (Standard Template for Electronic Publishing) resources. Light By Designhas licensed several resources for distribution from the e-Sword Home Site.
[edit] 3 Distribution
E-Sword is available for download from its homepage. Alternatively, it can be obtained on CD, for a donation of $25.00, or more. The program downloads with the Strong's Concordance and the King James Version annotated with Strong's reference numbers. Other resources can be downloaded and installed by users.
From October 2001 though December 2002, Sovereign Grace Publishers included e-Sword in a CD that accompanied their hard copy Bibles.[9]
Ubuntu Christian Edition includes scripts to automatically download and install e-Sword. [10] For licensing reasons, e-Sword can not be included in this, or any other distribution.
[edit] 4 The e-Sword License
The inspiration for the license used by e-Sword comes from Matthew 10:8. "Freely you receive. Freely give". The major intent of the license is:
* e-Sword is to be distributed gratis[11];
* e-Sword resources are not to be sold at a profit;
* e-Sword content is not to be distributed on a for-profit website[12];
All documentation and modules fall under this license, unless the documentation or module creator has specified a different license. Most user created documentation uses the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial - Share alike 2.0 License.
Starting with version 7.8.1, a PDF copy of the e-Sword license has been installed in the e-Sword directory, as part of the program installation. The license is also displayed from the Help Menu.
[edit] 5 Resources
[edit] 5.1 Official Resources
Official resources can be found at the e-Sword download page. Resources in roughly 34 languages are available from this site.
Some user created resources can be found at UserMods
[edit] 5.2 Commercial Resources
eStudySource is the primary outlet of resources that must be purchased[13]. Some publishers, such as The Lockman Foundation prefer to sell e-Sword resources of their material through their website.
[edit] 6 Users
The projects of a small group of e-Sword activists are not officially sanctioned. The results of those projects have spurred the popularity of the program.
[edit] 6.1 User Support Groups
English is the dominant language of the support lists. Venues for Korean, Dutch, German, Spanish, Romanian, and French exist.
Korean users are supported by a web forum. French, German, Dutch, and Romanian users are supported by mailing lists on Yahoogroups. Spanish and English users are supported by mailing lists, and web forums hosted at various sites on the Internet. The size of these groups ranges from 5,342 on the English eSword to Twelve on the French e-Sword list. Activity on the support groups fluctuates.
Whilst the program is not easily used by those with accessibility issues, eSword-Accessibility provides some support for those individuals.
[edit] 6.2 User Created Utility Programs
Users have created a number of tools to ease the process of creating new resources. Whilst documentation is lacking, their usage can be seen in the number of resources bearing a line stated that the tool was used to create the resource.
The most popular utility programs are:
* Biblos, used to import text files into Bible and Dictionary resources;
* Ben's e-Sword Tool, used to import text files into different types of resources;
* MFC Creator, used for creating MAP/graphic resources;
* Text2DAO, used for creating most resource types;
* TheWORDpad Editor, used for editing existing resources;
* The Tooltip Generator converts scriptural references that, when moused-over, will be displayed as a tooltip.
[edit] 6.3 User Created Resources
The utility programs have made it very easy for users to create, and distribute resources. STEP modules are the only type that users have not created, and subsequently distributed. (The STEP capabilities is similar with e-Sword's Topic module's)
Users have created resources in sixty different languages ranging from Lugandan to Klingon. English and Spanish are the most popular modern languages. Hebrew and Greek are the most popular Biblical languages.
[edit] 6.3.1 Issues with User Created Resources
There are some issues with user created resources[14]:
In the past year, some users have tackled the following issues: Their effectiveness has yet to be determined.
[edit] 6.3.1.1 Quality Control
This ranges from very good, to non-existent:
* Textus Receptus (Stephanus) includes an accurate, comprehensive morphological interlinear markup;
* One version of the Spanish Biblia de Jerusalem skips verses, duplicates entire chapters, and misplaces entire books;
While e-Sword base format (MS-Access database) can be password protected, there's various tool to unlock Access file instantly. Therefore, assessing a module integrity is harder when no official download available.
[edit] 6.3.1.2 Copyright
Because of the ease with which material can be converted into e-Sword, resources that violate copyright law have been publicly distributed. Examples include English and Spanish versions of New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (Jehovah's Witnesses' translation), The Spanish translation of The Jerusalem Bible (1st, 2nd, and 3rd editions), The Dead Sea Scrolls, and The Nag Hammadi Library (2nd edition).
The sporadically issued Currently Available e-Sword Resources [15]attempts to list the copyright status of e-Sword resources.
[edit] 6.3.1.3 Bibliographic Data
This can range from the very good --- to the point of including the copyright notice of the material it is pirating [16] --- to non-existent[17].
The e-Sword Module Database attempted to provide full bibliographic information for the resources it listed.
[edit] 6.3.1.4 Locating Resources
Due to the absence of a centralized listing of user created e-Sword resources, there has been some duplication of effort in creating resources. For example, five different versions of the Didache. An additional effect is that when a user site goes down, the resources usually are no longer available for public distribution.
* Original Languages Library contains a current list of all publicly distributed Biblical language resources, along with where they can be obtained from;
* The sporadically issued Currently Available e-Sword Resources attempts to list the name and location of modules for e-Sword;
* Premium e-Sword Modules restricts itself to resources that are commercially distributed.
[edit] 7 The SWORD Project
The SWORD Project is an API for Bible Study Software. Despite the similarity in names, there is no connection between e-Sword and the SWORD Project, or any of the programs (including The SWORD Project for Windows, BibleTime, GnomeSword, MacSword, and BibleDesktop) that use its API.
Potentially adding to the confusion between the two projects are a group of utility programs which enable users to convert resources for one project into a format usable by the other project.
[edit] 8 Reviews and Awards
[edit] 8.1 Reviews of e-Sword
Bible Software Review 20 October 2005. e-Sword version 7.7.7. http://www.bsreview.org/index.php?modulo=Reviews&id=19
Christian Computing Magazine September 2006 e-Sword version 7.7 http://www.ccmag2.com/2006_09/2006_09techtalk.pdf
Christian Computing Magazine November2007. e-Sword version 7.8.5 http://www.e-sword.net/1107techtalk.pdf
[edit] 8.2 Reviews of Pocket e-Sword
Bible Software Review 26 November 2005 Pocket e-Sword 2.5 http://www.bsreview.org/blog/2004/11/pocket_esword_25.html
[edit] 8.3 Awards for e-Sword
[edit] 8.4 Awards for Pocket e-Sword
* 2004 Pocket PC Magazine Text and Reference Bible Software
http://www.pocketpcmag.com/_archives/feb05/fromthejudges.aspx
* 2005 Pocket PC Magazine Finalist: http://www.pocketpcmag.com/awards/category_2005.asp?catid=42
* 2006 Pocket PC Magazine : http://www.pocketpcmag.com/awards/category_2006.asp?catid=42
* 2007 Pocket PC Best Software Awards (Religious) : Finalist
http://www.pocketpcmag.com/awards/category_all_2007_newquery.asp
[edit] 8.5 Surveys
For most of 2005, Bible software blog ran a survey on what Bible study Software was used. e-Sword garnered the most votes in the free/shareware category. It also had more votes than any of the Commercial programs. Full results of the survey can be found at http://www.bsreview.org/survey05.htm
[edit] 9 External links
* www.e-sword.net
[edit] 10 References
1. ^ e-Sword History. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
2. ^ e-Sword Homepage. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
3. ^ e-Sword Splitscreen. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
4. ^ e-Sword Compare Tab. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
5. ^ e-Sword Parallel Bible. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
6. ^ e-Sword History. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
7. ^ e-Sword Downloads. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
8. ^ e-Sword Downloads. Rick Meyers (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
9. ^ e-Sword - the Sword of the LORD with an electronic edge
10. ^ Ubuntu Christian Edition
11. ^ Point 2: The e-Sword License.PDF. This document is installed in the e-Sword directory, in version 7.8.1 or higher. It is also viewable from the Help menu in the main screen.
12. ^ Point 3: The e-Sword License.PDF.
13. ^ New Company Makes Bible E-Content - 2/21/2007 - Publishers Weekly
14. ^ Bible software Review
15. ^ Blake, Jonathon (2005 - 2007), Currently Available e-Sword Resources (PDF ed.), Self published,
16. ^ "Dake's Commentary of the Bible" as an example.
17. ^ "Created using Biblos" is very common for user created Spanish resources.
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Languages: Suomi | 中文
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GnomeSword
GnomeSword
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GnomeSword
Developed by The Gnomesword Developer Team
Latest release 2.2.3 / 2007-03-25
OS Linux, BSD, other Unix-like
Genre Bible study application
License GPL
Website gnomesword.sourceforge.net
GnomeSword is an open source Bible study application that uses The Sword Project by The CrossWire Bible Society. It uses the GNOME libraries on Linux.
The features include:
* Search Bibles and Commentaries
* Add personal notes to verses
* Bookmark Bible passages, Commentaries, Lexicons and Dictionaries
* Parallel Page - Display up to five versions
* StudyPad and Personal Commentary for keeping notes
* Search Personal notes
* Spellcheck for StudyPad and Personal notes
* Uses modules from The SWORD Project
* Support for Bible, Commentary, Lexicon, and General Book modules
* Easy Module installation via Module Manager
[edit] References
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GnomeSword
Developed by The Gnomesword Developer Team
Latest release 2.2.3 / 2007-03-25
OS Linux, BSD, other Unix-like
Genre Bible study application
License GPL
Website gnomesword.sourceforge.net
GnomeSword is an open source Bible study application that uses The Sword Project by The CrossWire Bible Society. It uses the GNOME libraries on Linux.
The features include:
* Search Bibles and Commentaries
* Add personal notes to verses
* Bookmark Bible passages, Commentaries, Lexicons and Dictionaries
* Parallel Page - Display up to five versions
* StudyPad and Personal Commentary for keeping notes
* Search Personal notes
* Spellcheck for StudyPad and Personal notes
* Uses modules from The SWORD Project
* Support for Bible, Commentary, Lexicon, and General Book modules
* Easy Module installation via Module Manager
[edit] References
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This Unix-related article is a stub. You can help by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GnomeSword"
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Online Bible
Online Bible
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The Online Bible is a Bible Reference software package created in 1987[1] by Larry Piece, who believed the Bible should be freely shared.[2]
[edit] 1 References
1. ^ Online Bible Software - European Home. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
2. ^ Marshall N. Surratt (1997). CyberBibles on a Budget. Christianity Today, Inc.. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
[edit] 2 External links
* [1] - Official Webpage
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This article has been tagged since March 2008.
The Online Bible is a Bible Reference software package created in 1987[1] by Larry Piece, who believed the Bible should be freely shared.[2]
[edit] 1 References
1. ^ Online Bible Software - European Home. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
2. ^ Marshall N. Surratt (1997). CyberBibles on a Budget. Christianity Today, Inc.. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
[edit] 2 External links
* [1] - Official Webpage
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MacSword
MacSword
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MacSword
OS Macintosh OS X
Genre Bible Study Tools
License Free Libre Open Source Software
Website http://www.macsword.com/
MacSword is an open source Study Bible software that uses The Sword Project by The CrossWire Bible Society. It was made for Mac OS X.
Some of the features include:
* Text Search
* Tooltips
* Different Bible translations
* Commentaries
* Dictionaries
[edit] External links
* MacSword home page
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MacSword
OS Macintosh OS X
Genre Bible Study Tools
License Free Libre Open Source Software
Website http://www.macsword.com/
MacSword is an open source Study Bible software that uses The Sword Project by The CrossWire Bible Society. It was made for Mac OS X.
Some of the features include:
* Text Search
* Tooltips
* Different Bible translations
* Commentaries
* Dictionaries
[edit] External links
* MacSword home page
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacSword"
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WORDsearch
WORDsearch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.
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WORDsearch is a Bible Reference software package that runs on Windows and has a large selection of Bibles and Books.
[edit] External links
* WORDsearchBible.com - Official Webpage
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WORDsearch"
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WORDsearch is a Bible Reference software package that runs on Windows and has a large selection of Bibles and Books.
[edit] External links
* WORDsearchBible.com - Official Webpage
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Swordsearcher
SwordSearcher
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SwordSearcher
Developed by Brandon Staggs
Latest release 5.2.1
OS Windows
Genre Bible study application
License Shareware
Website SwordSearcher.com
SwordSearcher is a Bible Reference software package that runs on Windows and was originally written for DOS in 1994 by Brandon Staggs under the name Bible Assistant. When Windows 95 was released, version 3 was released as a Windows program called SwordSearcher 95 and was apparently the first 32 bit Windows Bible Software available.[1]
[edit] 1 External links
* SwordSearcher.com - Official Webpage
[edit] 2 References
1. ^ Brandon Staggs interview. Bible Software Review (unknown). Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
This article related to software which runs on Microsoft Windows is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This Christianity-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SwordSearcher"
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This page was last modified on 2008-03-10, at 05:00:24. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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SwordSearcher
Developed by Brandon Staggs
Latest release 5.2.1
OS Windows
Genre Bible study application
License Shareware
Website SwordSearcher.com
SwordSearcher is a Bible Reference software package that runs on Windows and was originally written for DOS in 1994 by Brandon Staggs under the name Bible Assistant. When Windows 95 was released, version 3 was released as a Windows program called SwordSearcher 95 and was apparently the first 32 bit Windows Bible Software available.[1]
[edit] 1 External links
* SwordSearcher.com - Official Webpage
[edit] 2 References
1. ^ Brandon Staggs interview. Bible Software Review (unknown). Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
This article related to software which runs on Microsoft Windows is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This Christianity-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SwordSearcher"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-10, at 05:00:24. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
This page was last modified on 2008-03-10, at 05:00:24. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
09 March 2008
Islam and anti-christian persecution
Islam and anti-Christian persecution
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This article focuses on the relationship between Islam and anti-Christian persecution with special focus on the history of persecution of Christians by the Muslims.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Christians in Islamic scripture or law
o 1.1 Pact of Umar
o 1.2 Rights as dhimmis
o 1.3 Devşirme
* 2 Ottoman Empire
* 3 Persecution by the "Young Turks"
* 4 Turkey
* 5 Egypt
* 6 Iraq
* 7 Sudan
* 8 Pakistan
* 9 Indonesia
* 10 Palestinian territories
* 11 Other Muslim nations
* 12 See also
* 13 Notes
* 14 References
* 15 External links
[edit] 1 Christians in Islamic scripture or law
Please help improve this section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (February 2008)
[edit] 1.1 Pact of Umar
Some scholars argue that the Pact of Umar was responsible for demoting Christians to the status of inferior social beings.[1] [2] Most academic historians today, however, believe that the Pact of Umar in the form it is known today was a product of later jurists who attributed it to the venerated caliph Umar I in order to lend greater authority to their own opinions.[3] [4] The striking similarities between the Pact of Umar and the Theodesian and Justinian Codes suggest that perhaps much of the Pact of Umar was borrowed from these earlier codes by later Islamic jurists.[5] At least some of the clauses of the pact mirror the measures first introduced by the Umayyad Caliph Umar II or by the early Abbasid caliphs.[6]
[edit] 1.2 Rights as dhimmis
Main article: Dhimmi
[edit] 1.3 Devşirme
Main article: Devşirme
Devşirme was the system of the collection of young boys from conquered Christian lands by the Ottoman sultans as a form of regular taxation in order to build a loyal slave army (formerly largely composed of war captives) and the class of (military) administrators called the "Janissaries", or other servants such as tellak in hamams. The word devşirme means "collecting, gathering" in Ottoman Turkish. Boys delivered to the Ottomans in this way were called ghilmán or acemi oğlanlar ("novice boys").
[edit] 2 Ottoman Empire
Further information: History of the Eastern Orthodox Church#Ottoman Empire
See also: Armenian Genocide, Assyrian Genocide, and Pontic Greek Genocide
During the Ottoman Empire, Christians were allowed to live and keep their religion, and were officially protected from persecution. They were subject to the devşirme and had fewer rights than the Muslim subjects of the Sultan (see State and Religion in the Ottoman Empire). For example, Christians could not testify in court against a Muslim. Proselytism was forbidden, and conversion to Christianity was punishable by death, in accordance with Islamic law. Things worsened during World War I. Nationalist movements like the Young Turks began persecuting and murdering Assyrians, Greeks, Armenians, and other Christians in what is referred as the Assyrian, the Pontic Greek, and the Armenian Genocides by the respective communities. It is estimated that more than one million Armenians were murdered and most had to abandon regions that they had inhabited for thousands of years.[7][8]
Under Ottoman rule, the Greek Orthodox Church acquired power as an autonomous millet. The ecumenical patriarch was the religious and administrative ruler of the entire "Greek Orthodox nation" (Ottoman administrative unit), which encompassed all the Eastern Orthodox subjects of the Empire.
The Ottoman Empire was marked by periods of limited tolerance and periods of often bloody repression of non-Muslims. One of the worst such episodes occurred under Yavuz Sultan Selim I.[9][10] These events include the atrocities against the Serbs in AD 1804-1878 the Greeks in AD 1814-1832 .[11] and the Bulgarian AD 1876-1877[12] to selectively name but a few instances (also see Phanariote). As well as many individual Christians being made martyrs for stating their faith or speaking negatively against Islam.[13] [14] The Janissary army corps consisted of young men who were brought to Istanbul as child-slaves (and were often from Christian households) who were converted, trained and later employed by the Sultan (the devshirme system).
The Ottoman Empire that displaced the Byzantine Empire's presence in the Balkans and in Anatolia caused Muslims to come into more direct contact with Christians. One of the first things that Mehmet the Conqueror did was to allow the Church to elect a new patriarch, Gennadius Scholarius. The Hagia Sophia and the Parthenon, which had been Christian churches, were converted into mosques; however, the majority of churches, both in Constantinople and elsewhere, remained in Christian hands. They were endowed with civil as well as ecclesiastical power over all Christians in Ottoman territories. Because the Ottomans made no distinction between nationality and religion, all Christians, regardless of their language or ethnicity, were considered a single millet, or community. The patriarch, as the highest ranking hierarch, was thus invested with civil and religious authority and made ethnarch, head of the entire Christian Orthodox population. This practically meant that all Orthodox Churches within Ottoman territory were under the control of Constantinople. Thus, the authority and jurisdictional frontiers of the patriarch were enormously enlarged.
Islam not only recognized Jesus as a prophet, but also tolerated Christians as another People of the Book. As such, the Church was not extinguished nor was its canonical and hierarchical organization completely destroyed. Its administration continued to function, though in lesser degree, as it was no longer endorsed by the ruling class. However, these rights and privileges (see Dhimmi), including freedom of worship and religious organization, were often established in principle but seldom corresponded to reality. The legal privileges of the patriarch and the Church depended, in fact, on the whim and mercy of the Sultan and the Sublime Porte. The Ottoman sultanate rarely viewed Christians as more than second-class citizens. Pogroms of Christians under Ottoman rule were not unknown.[15] [16]Devastating, too, for the Church was the fact that it could not bear witness to Christ. Christian missionary work was virtually impossible, whereas conversion to Islam was entirely permissible and encouraged. Converts to Islam who returned to Orthodoxy were put to death as apostates. No new churches could be built and even the ringing of church bells was prohibited. Education of the clergy and the Christian population either ceased altogether or was reduced to the most rudimentary elements.
[edit] 3 Persecution by the "Young Turks"
See also: Young Turks
During 1894-1923 the Ottoman Empire conducted a policy of genocide against the Christian population living within its extensive territory. The Sultan, Abdul Hamid II, issued an official governmental policy of genocide against the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire in 1894. Systematic massacres took place in 1894-1896 when Abdul savagely killed 300,000 Armenians throughout the provinces. In 1909 government troops killed, in the towns of Adana alone, over 20,000 Christian Armenians.
In the first two decades of the 20th century, there were massacres of Orthodox Greeks, Slavs, and Armenians in the Ottoman empire, culminating in the Armenian Genocide,[17][18] the exodus of Pontian Greeks resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands Pontic Greeks,[19][20][21] and the near destruction of the ancient Assyrian community in Anatolia or Asia Minor.[22][23]
[edit] 4 Turkey
In September 1955, the state-sponsored Istanbul pogrom was directed primarily at Istanbul's 100,000-strong Greek minority.[24][25] Many Greek Christians left Istanbul after the pogrom.
The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is still in a difficult position. Turkey requires by law that the Ecumenical Patriarch must be an ethnic Greek that holds Turkish citizenship by birth.
The state's expropriation of church property and the closing of the Orthodox Theological School of Halki are also difficulties faced by the Church of Constantinople. In 1971, the Halki seminary in Istanbul was closed along with other private higher education institutions in Turkey.[26] Despite appeals from the United States, the European Union and various governmental and non-governmental organizations, the School has remained closed since 1971.
[edit] 5 Egypt
In the 12th century,the ruler of the Almohad dynasty (JD Demott) killed or forcibly converted Jews and Christians in Al-Andalus and the Maghreb, putting an end to the existence of Christian communities in North Africa outside Egypt.[27][28]
In Egypt the government does not officially recognize conversions from Islam to Christianity; because certain interfaith marriages are not allowed either, this prevents marriages between converts to Christianity and those born in Christian communities, and also results in the children of Christian converts being classified as Muslims and given a Muslim education. The government also requires permits for repairing churches or building new ones, which are often withheld. Foreign missionaries are allowed in the country only if they restrict their activities to social improvements and refrain from proselytizing. The Coptic Pope Shenouda III was internally exiled in 1981 by President Anwar Sadat, who then chose five Coptic bishops and asked them to choose a new pope. They refused, and in 1985 President Hosni Mubarak restored Pope Shenouda III, who had been accused of fomenting interconfessional strife. Particularly in Upper Egypt, the rise in extremist Islamist groups such as the Gama'at Islamiya during the 1980s was accompanied by attacks on Copts and on Coptic churches; these have since declined with the decline of those organizations, but still continue. The police have been accused of siding with the attackers in some of these cases.[29] Nevertheless, high-ranking government officials in Egypt have included Copts like Boutros Ghali and his grandson, Boutros Boutros-Ghali.
[edit] 6 Iraq
See also: Simele massacre
Iraq's Christian community numbered 1.4 million in 1980 at the start of Iraq's war on Iran. They were tolerated under the secular regime of Saddam Hussein, who even made one of them, Tariq Aziz, his deputy. However, since the Saddam Hussein was overthrown, violence against Christians has increased.[30] As a small minority without a militia of their own, Iraqi Christians have been persecuted by both Shi’a and Sunni Muslim militias, and also by criminal gangs.[31][32]
[edit] 7 Sudan
There is an abundance of evidence since the early 1990s of oppression and persecution of Christians, including by Sudan's own Sudan Human Rights Organization, which in mid-1992 reported on forcible closure of churches, expulsion of priests, forced displacement of populations, forced Islamisation and Arabisation, and other repressive measures of the Government. In 1994 it also reported on widespread torture, ethnic cleansing and crucifixion of pastors. Pax Christi has also reported on detailed cases in 1994, as has Africa Watch. Roman Catholic bishop Macram Max Gassis, Bishop of El Obeid, also reported to the Fiftieth Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights, in Geneva, in February 1994 on accounts of widespread destruction of hundreds of churches, forced conversions of Christians to Islam, concentration camps, genocide of the Nuba people, systematic rape of women, enslavement of children, torture of priests and clerics, burning alive of pastors and catechists, crucifixion and mutilation of priests. The foregoing therefore serve to indict the Sudanese Government itself for flagrant violations of human rights and religious freedom.[citation needed]
In addition, it is estimated that over 1.5 million Christians have been killed by the Janjaweed, the Arab Muslim militia, and even suspected Islamists in northern Sudan since 1984.[33]
It should also be noted that Sudan's several civil wars (which often take the form of genocidal campaigns) are often not only or purely religious in nature, but also ethnic, as many black Muslims, as well as Muslim Arab tribesmen, have also been killed in the conflicts.
[edit] 8 Pakistan
In November 2005 3,000 militant Islamists attacked Christians in Sangla Hill in Pakistan and destroyed Roman Catholic, Salvation Army and United Presbyterian churches. The attack was over allegations of violation of blasphemy laws by a Pakistani Christian named Yousaf Masih. The attacks were widely condemned by some political parties in Pakistan.[34] However, Pakistani Christians have expressed disappointment that they have not received justice. Samson Dilawar, a parish priest in Sangla Hill, has said that the police have not committed to trial any of the people who were arrested for committing the assaults, and that the Pakistani government did not inform the Christian community that a judicial inquiry was underway by a local judge. He continued to say that Muslim clerics "make hateful speeches about Christians" and "continue insulting Christians and our faith".[35]
In February 2006 churches and Christian schools were targeted in protests over the publications of the Jyllands-Posten cartoons in Denmark, leaving two elderly women injured and many homes and properties destroyed. Some of the mobs were stopped by police.[36]
[edit] 9 Indonesia
Religious conflicts have typically occurred in Western New Guinea, Maluku (particularly Ambon), and Sulawesi. The presence of Muslims in these regions is in part a result of the transmigrasi program of population re-distribution. Conflicts have often occurred because of the aims of radical Islamist organizations such as Jemaah Islamiah or Laskar Jihad to impose Sharia.[37]
[edit] 10 Palestinian territories
There have been anti-Christian incidents carried out in areas governed by the Palestinian Authority. Some claim that this represents a pattern of deliberate mistreatment by the PA;[38] others hold that these are isolated incidents that reflect the beliefs of the individuals involved, but not the society in general.[39][40] There is an ongoing trend for emigration among Palestinian Christians doubling that of Muslims. The ratio of Christians among Palestinians went from 18%-20% in 1947 to 13% in 1966 to 2.1% in 1993.[41] Among the causes is the rise of Islamism in Palestinian politics and the comparatively warmer welcome that Christians have in Israel and the Americas. In contrast to the Christian exodus from the West Bank that started after Jordanian occupation in 1948, the Christian Arab population in Israel has grown 400% from approximately 34,000 in 1948 to nearly 130,000 in 2005. [42] A strong majority of the Bethlehem population used to be Christian, now their numbers have dwindled to about 20%.
Ever since Hamas took over the Gaza Strip in June 2007, there have been reports of numerous brutal beatings of Christian Palestinians (often women and elderly people) and destruction of property of Christian places of worship by Muslim Palestinians.[43]
[edit] 11 Other Muslim nations
In Saudi Arabia Christians are arrested and lashed in public for practicing their faith openly.[44] Bibles and other non-Muslim religious books are captured, piled up and burned by the religious police of Saudi. No non-Muslims are allowed to become Saudi citizens. Prayer services by Christians are frequently broken up by the police and the Christians are arrested and tortured without even allowing them to be released on bail.
Though Iran recognizes Assyrian and Armenian Christians as a religious minority and awards them seats in Parliament, apostasy from Islam is punishable by death. [45]
In the Philippines, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and Abu Sayyaf has attacked and killed Christians.[46]
[edit] 12 See also
* Armenian Genocide
* Assyrian Genocide
* Criticism of Islam
* History of Arab Christians
* Islam and antisemitism
* Pontic Greek Genocide
* Simele massacre
[edit] 13 Notes
1. ^ Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages By Mark R. Cohen p.163-164 Princeton University Press ISBN 069101082X http://books.google.com/books?id=fgbib5exskUC&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=pact+of+umar+persecution&source=web&ots=3n2_jPfUaT&sig=84WheOBLDWY5dO-fLdhV8zMuHH4
2. ^ Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression pgs 135-140 By Mordechai Nisan published by Mcfarland ISBN 0786413751 http://books.google.com/books?id=keD9z1XWuNwC&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&dq=pact+of+umar+coptic&source=web&ots=FwbynKtyvJ&sig=fTHNCR_T7kqfM_nAzxJBDN7L7-8#PPA137,M1
3. ^ Tritton (1970); Lewis (1984), pp. 24–25; Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 48; Goddard (2000), p. 46
4. ^ Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 18 of 24 By James Hastings p. 767 ISBN 0766136957 http://books.google.com/books?id=ltJI5KhFTRUC&pg=PA767&lpg=PA767&dq=pact+of+umar+persecution+copts&source=web&ots=S4rpPaTdmi&sig=KTrTLD-W6cmyNZ_7fVbWQU4kbjA
5. ^ Tritton (1970); Lewis (1984), pp. 24–25; Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 48; Goddard (2000), p. 46
6. ^ Tritton (1970); Lewis (1984), pp. 24–25; Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 48; Goddard (2000), p. 46
7. ^ Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I, by David Gaunt, 2006
8. ^ The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans, p.195, By Sébastien de Courtois
9. ^ In Memory Of The 50 Million Victims Of The Orthodox Christian Holocaust.
10. ^ History of the Copts of Egypt
11. ^ History of THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
12. ^ History of BULGARIA
13. ^ Paroulakis, Peter H. (1984). The Greek War of Independence.
14. ^ Altruistic Suicide or Altruistic Martyrdom? Christian Greek orthodox Neomartyrs: A Case Study.
15. ^ The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies The New York Times.
16. ^ http://www.helleniccomserve.com/pdf/BlkBkPontusPrinceton.pdf
17. ^ "Q&A Armenian 'genocide'", British Broadcasting Corporation, 2006-10-12. Retrieved on 2006-12-29.
18. ^ Mango, Andrew (June 1988). "The Ottoman Armenians: Victims of Great Power Diplomacy (Book Review)". Asian Affairs Vol. 19 (Issue 2).
19. ^ United Nations document acknowledging receipt of a letter by the "International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples" titled "A people in continued exodus" (i.e. Pontian Greeks) and putting the letter into internal circulation (Dated 1998-02-24) (PDF file)
20. ^ Merrill D. Peterson, Starving Armenians: America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and After Merrill D. Peterson cites the death toll of 360,000 for the Greeks of Pontus
21. ^ G.K. Valavanis (1925). Contemporary General History of Pontos, 1st Edition. “The loss of human life among the Pontian Greeks, since the Great War (World War I) until March of 1924, can be estimated at 353,238, as a result of murders, hangings, and from hunger, disease, and other hardships."”
22. ^ The New York Times` editor V. Rockwell published an article in 1916, with the title of "The Number of Armenian and Assyrian Victims". In the article, he stated:
Not only the Armenians are unfortunate: the Assyrians were also wiped out and each tenth was murdered. [...] A lot of Assyrians perished but no one knows how many exactly....within six months the Young Turks managed to do what the "Old Turks" were not able to do during six centuries. [...] Thousands of Assyrians vanished from the face of the earth.
23. ^ Travis, Hannibal (2006). ""Native Christians Massacred": The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I". Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal vol. 1.3: pp. 334, 337-38.
24. ^ Speros Vryonis, The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul, New York: Greekworks.com 2005, ISBN 0-9747660-3-8
25. ^ The pogrom greatly accelerated emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region (the former Constantinople), reducing the 200,000-strong Greek minority in 1924 to just over 5,000 in 2005. According to figures presented by Prof. Vyron Kotzamanis to a conference of unions and federations representing the ethnic Greeks of Istanbul."Ethnic Greeks of Istanbul convene", Athens News Agency, 2 July 2006.
26. ^ Turkish parliament tries to avoid reopening Orthodox seminary|author=Associated Press|work=International Herald Tribune|date=2006-09-20[1]
27. ^ Lewis (1984), p. 52; Stillman (1979), p.77
28. ^ Bat Ye'or (2002), p. 88
29. ^ BBC News | MIDDLE EAST | Funerals for victims of Egypt clashes
30. ^ Guardian. "We're staying and we will resist"
31. ^ Time. "Iraq's Christians flock to Lebanon
32. ^ FOXnews . "Christians Fleeing Violence in Iraq"
33. ^ ReligiousTolerance.org Mass Crimes against Humanity and Genocide:Sudan
34. ^ http://www.missio-aachen.de/menschen-kulturen/nachrichten/Sangla_Hill_attack_continues_to_draw_condemnation.asp
35. ^ PAKISTAN Islamic extremists still unpunished 40 days after the Sangla Hill attack - Asia News
36. ^ International Christian Response: Cartoon Protestors in Pakistan Target Christians
37. ^ [www.persecution.org/whitepapers/indonesia-2002-06-01.html ]
38. ^ Christian Persecution in Arafat-land
39. ^ Persecuted Countries: Palestine - Persecution.org - International Christian Concern
40. ^ Militant group threatens Gaza Christians over pope's remarks - Haaretz - Israel News
41. ^ Palestinian Christians: An Historic Community at Risk?, by Don Wagner (Palestine Center - Information Brief No. 89, 12 March 2002) quoting Bethlehem University sociologist Bernard Sabella (see Palestinian Christians: Challenges and Hopes).
42. ^ Justus Reid Weiner "Christians Flee Growing Islamic Fundamentalism in the Holy Land" Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 6 December 2006. 27 December 2007.
43. ^ Abu Toameh, Khaled. "Gaza: Christian-Muslim tensions heat up." Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 25 September 2007. 5 October 2007.
44. ^ Persecuted Countries: Saudi Arabia - Persecution.org - International Christian Concern
45. ^ Iran Religious and Ethnic Minorities: Discrimination in Law And Practice. Human Rights Watch (1997). Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
46. ^ Philippines-Christian Persecution in Philippines
[edit] 14 References
* Al-Mawardi (2000). The Ordnances of Government (Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya w’al-Wilayat al-Diniyya). Lebanon: Garnet Publishing. ISBN 1-85964-140-7.
* Bat Ye'or (1985). The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam. Madison/Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-3262-9.
* Bat Ye'or (1996). The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam. From Jihad to Dhimmitude. Seventh-Twentieth Century. Madison/Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8386-3688-8.
* Goddard, Hugh (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Chicago: New Amsterdam Books. ISBN 1-56663-340-0.
* Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00807-8.
* Stillman, Norman (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 1-82760-198-1.
* Tritton, Arthur S. (1970). The Caliphs and their non-Muslim Subjects: a Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar. London: Frank Cass Publisher. ISBN 0-7146-1996-5.
[edit] 15 External links
* The Institute on Religion and Public Policy
* Oh God! Malaysian Christians barred from saying `Allah' by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News & Analysis, 25 December 2007
* Unreported World: Egypt's Rubbish People (Video showing persecution of Egyptian Christians at youtube)
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This article focuses on the relationship between Islam and anti-Christian persecution with special focus on the history of persecution of Christians by the Muslims.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Christians in Islamic scripture or law
o 1.1 Pact of Umar
o 1.2 Rights as dhimmis
o 1.3 Devşirme
* 2 Ottoman Empire
* 3 Persecution by the "Young Turks"
* 4 Turkey
* 5 Egypt
* 6 Iraq
* 7 Sudan
* 8 Pakistan
* 9 Indonesia
* 10 Palestinian territories
* 11 Other Muslim nations
* 12 See also
* 13 Notes
* 14 References
* 15 External links
[edit] 1 Christians in Islamic scripture or law
Please help improve this section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (February 2008)
[edit] 1.1 Pact of Umar
Some scholars argue that the Pact of Umar was responsible for demoting Christians to the status of inferior social beings.[1] [2] Most academic historians today, however, believe that the Pact of Umar in the form it is known today was a product of later jurists who attributed it to the venerated caliph Umar I in order to lend greater authority to their own opinions.[3] [4] The striking similarities between the Pact of Umar and the Theodesian and Justinian Codes suggest that perhaps much of the Pact of Umar was borrowed from these earlier codes by later Islamic jurists.[5] At least some of the clauses of the pact mirror the measures first introduced by the Umayyad Caliph Umar II or by the early Abbasid caliphs.[6]
[edit] 1.2 Rights as dhimmis
Main article: Dhimmi
[edit] 1.3 Devşirme
Main article: Devşirme
Devşirme was the system of the collection of young boys from conquered Christian lands by the Ottoman sultans as a form of regular taxation in order to build a loyal slave army (formerly largely composed of war captives) and the class of (military) administrators called the "Janissaries", or other servants such as tellak in hamams. The word devşirme means "collecting, gathering" in Ottoman Turkish. Boys delivered to the Ottomans in this way were called ghilmán or acemi oğlanlar ("novice boys").
[edit] 2 Ottoman Empire
Further information: History of the Eastern Orthodox Church#Ottoman Empire
See also: Armenian Genocide, Assyrian Genocide, and Pontic Greek Genocide
During the Ottoman Empire, Christians were allowed to live and keep their religion, and were officially protected from persecution. They were subject to the devşirme and had fewer rights than the Muslim subjects of the Sultan (see State and Religion in the Ottoman Empire). For example, Christians could not testify in court against a Muslim. Proselytism was forbidden, and conversion to Christianity was punishable by death, in accordance with Islamic law. Things worsened during World War I. Nationalist movements like the Young Turks began persecuting and murdering Assyrians, Greeks, Armenians, and other Christians in what is referred as the Assyrian, the Pontic Greek, and the Armenian Genocides by the respective communities. It is estimated that more than one million Armenians were murdered and most had to abandon regions that they had inhabited for thousands of years.[7][8]
Under Ottoman rule, the Greek Orthodox Church acquired power as an autonomous millet. The ecumenical patriarch was the religious and administrative ruler of the entire "Greek Orthodox nation" (Ottoman administrative unit), which encompassed all the Eastern Orthodox subjects of the Empire.
The Ottoman Empire was marked by periods of limited tolerance and periods of often bloody repression of non-Muslims. One of the worst such episodes occurred under Yavuz Sultan Selim I.[9][10] These events include the atrocities against the Serbs in AD 1804-1878 the Greeks in AD 1814-1832 .[11] and the Bulgarian AD 1876-1877[12] to selectively name but a few instances (also see Phanariote). As well as many individual Christians being made martyrs for stating their faith or speaking negatively against Islam.[13] [14] The Janissary army corps consisted of young men who were brought to Istanbul as child-slaves (and were often from Christian households) who were converted, trained and later employed by the Sultan (the devshirme system).
The Ottoman Empire that displaced the Byzantine Empire's presence in the Balkans and in Anatolia caused Muslims to come into more direct contact with Christians. One of the first things that Mehmet the Conqueror did was to allow the Church to elect a new patriarch, Gennadius Scholarius. The Hagia Sophia and the Parthenon, which had been Christian churches, were converted into mosques; however, the majority of churches, both in Constantinople and elsewhere, remained in Christian hands. They were endowed with civil as well as ecclesiastical power over all Christians in Ottoman territories. Because the Ottomans made no distinction between nationality and religion, all Christians, regardless of their language or ethnicity, were considered a single millet, or community. The patriarch, as the highest ranking hierarch, was thus invested with civil and religious authority and made ethnarch, head of the entire Christian Orthodox population. This practically meant that all Orthodox Churches within Ottoman territory were under the control of Constantinople. Thus, the authority and jurisdictional frontiers of the patriarch were enormously enlarged.
Islam not only recognized Jesus as a prophet, but also tolerated Christians as another People of the Book. As such, the Church was not extinguished nor was its canonical and hierarchical organization completely destroyed. Its administration continued to function, though in lesser degree, as it was no longer endorsed by the ruling class. However, these rights and privileges (see Dhimmi), including freedom of worship and religious organization, were often established in principle but seldom corresponded to reality. The legal privileges of the patriarch and the Church depended, in fact, on the whim and mercy of the Sultan and the Sublime Porte. The Ottoman sultanate rarely viewed Christians as more than second-class citizens. Pogroms of Christians under Ottoman rule were not unknown.[15] [16]Devastating, too, for the Church was the fact that it could not bear witness to Christ. Christian missionary work was virtually impossible, whereas conversion to Islam was entirely permissible and encouraged. Converts to Islam who returned to Orthodoxy were put to death as apostates. No new churches could be built and even the ringing of church bells was prohibited. Education of the clergy and the Christian population either ceased altogether or was reduced to the most rudimentary elements.
[edit] 3 Persecution by the "Young Turks"
See also: Young Turks
During 1894-1923 the Ottoman Empire conducted a policy of genocide against the Christian population living within its extensive territory. The Sultan, Abdul Hamid II, issued an official governmental policy of genocide against the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire in 1894. Systematic massacres took place in 1894-1896 when Abdul savagely killed 300,000 Armenians throughout the provinces. In 1909 government troops killed, in the towns of Adana alone, over 20,000 Christian Armenians.
In the first two decades of the 20th century, there were massacres of Orthodox Greeks, Slavs, and Armenians in the Ottoman empire, culminating in the Armenian Genocide,[17][18] the exodus of Pontian Greeks resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands Pontic Greeks,[19][20][21] and the near destruction of the ancient Assyrian community in Anatolia or Asia Minor.[22][23]
[edit] 4 Turkey
In September 1955, the state-sponsored Istanbul pogrom was directed primarily at Istanbul's 100,000-strong Greek minority.[24][25] Many Greek Christians left Istanbul after the pogrom.
The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is still in a difficult position. Turkey requires by law that the Ecumenical Patriarch must be an ethnic Greek that holds Turkish citizenship by birth.
The state's expropriation of church property and the closing of the Orthodox Theological School of Halki are also difficulties faced by the Church of Constantinople. In 1971, the Halki seminary in Istanbul was closed along with other private higher education institutions in Turkey.[26] Despite appeals from the United States, the European Union and various governmental and non-governmental organizations, the School has remained closed since 1971.
[edit] 5 Egypt
In the 12th century,the ruler of the Almohad dynasty (JD Demott) killed or forcibly converted Jews and Christians in Al-Andalus and the Maghreb, putting an end to the existence of Christian communities in North Africa outside Egypt.[27][28]
In Egypt the government does not officially recognize conversions from Islam to Christianity; because certain interfaith marriages are not allowed either, this prevents marriages between converts to Christianity and those born in Christian communities, and also results in the children of Christian converts being classified as Muslims and given a Muslim education. The government also requires permits for repairing churches or building new ones, which are often withheld. Foreign missionaries are allowed in the country only if they restrict their activities to social improvements and refrain from proselytizing. The Coptic Pope Shenouda III was internally exiled in 1981 by President Anwar Sadat, who then chose five Coptic bishops and asked them to choose a new pope. They refused, and in 1985 President Hosni Mubarak restored Pope Shenouda III, who had been accused of fomenting interconfessional strife. Particularly in Upper Egypt, the rise in extremist Islamist groups such as the Gama'at Islamiya during the 1980s was accompanied by attacks on Copts and on Coptic churches; these have since declined with the decline of those organizations, but still continue. The police have been accused of siding with the attackers in some of these cases.[29] Nevertheless, high-ranking government officials in Egypt have included Copts like Boutros Ghali and his grandson, Boutros Boutros-Ghali.
[edit] 6 Iraq
See also: Simele massacre
Iraq's Christian community numbered 1.4 million in 1980 at the start of Iraq's war on Iran. They were tolerated under the secular regime of Saddam Hussein, who even made one of them, Tariq Aziz, his deputy. However, since the Saddam Hussein was overthrown, violence against Christians has increased.[30] As a small minority without a militia of their own, Iraqi Christians have been persecuted by both Shi’a and Sunni Muslim militias, and also by criminal gangs.[31][32]
[edit] 7 Sudan
There is an abundance of evidence since the early 1990s of oppression and persecution of Christians, including by Sudan's own Sudan Human Rights Organization, which in mid-1992 reported on forcible closure of churches, expulsion of priests, forced displacement of populations, forced Islamisation and Arabisation, and other repressive measures of the Government. In 1994 it also reported on widespread torture, ethnic cleansing and crucifixion of pastors. Pax Christi has also reported on detailed cases in 1994, as has Africa Watch. Roman Catholic bishop Macram Max Gassis, Bishop of El Obeid, also reported to the Fiftieth Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights, in Geneva, in February 1994 on accounts of widespread destruction of hundreds of churches, forced conversions of Christians to Islam, concentration camps, genocide of the Nuba people, systematic rape of women, enslavement of children, torture of priests and clerics, burning alive of pastors and catechists, crucifixion and mutilation of priests. The foregoing therefore serve to indict the Sudanese Government itself for flagrant violations of human rights and religious freedom.[citation needed]
In addition, it is estimated that over 1.5 million Christians have been killed by the Janjaweed, the Arab Muslim militia, and even suspected Islamists in northern Sudan since 1984.[33]
It should also be noted that Sudan's several civil wars (which often take the form of genocidal campaigns) are often not only or purely religious in nature, but also ethnic, as many black Muslims, as well as Muslim Arab tribesmen, have also been killed in the conflicts.
[edit] 8 Pakistan
In November 2005 3,000 militant Islamists attacked Christians in Sangla Hill in Pakistan and destroyed Roman Catholic, Salvation Army and United Presbyterian churches. The attack was over allegations of violation of blasphemy laws by a Pakistani Christian named Yousaf Masih. The attacks were widely condemned by some political parties in Pakistan.[34] However, Pakistani Christians have expressed disappointment that they have not received justice. Samson Dilawar, a parish priest in Sangla Hill, has said that the police have not committed to trial any of the people who were arrested for committing the assaults, and that the Pakistani government did not inform the Christian community that a judicial inquiry was underway by a local judge. He continued to say that Muslim clerics "make hateful speeches about Christians" and "continue insulting Christians and our faith".[35]
In February 2006 churches and Christian schools were targeted in protests over the publications of the Jyllands-Posten cartoons in Denmark, leaving two elderly women injured and many homes and properties destroyed. Some of the mobs were stopped by police.[36]
[edit] 9 Indonesia
Religious conflicts have typically occurred in Western New Guinea, Maluku (particularly Ambon), and Sulawesi. The presence of Muslims in these regions is in part a result of the transmigrasi program of population re-distribution. Conflicts have often occurred because of the aims of radical Islamist organizations such as Jemaah Islamiah or Laskar Jihad to impose Sharia.[37]
[edit] 10 Palestinian territories
There have been anti-Christian incidents carried out in areas governed by the Palestinian Authority. Some claim that this represents a pattern of deliberate mistreatment by the PA;[38] others hold that these are isolated incidents that reflect the beliefs of the individuals involved, but not the society in general.[39][40] There is an ongoing trend for emigration among Palestinian Christians doubling that of Muslims. The ratio of Christians among Palestinians went from 18%-20% in 1947 to 13% in 1966 to 2.1% in 1993.[41] Among the causes is the rise of Islamism in Palestinian politics and the comparatively warmer welcome that Christians have in Israel and the Americas. In contrast to the Christian exodus from the West Bank that started after Jordanian occupation in 1948, the Christian Arab population in Israel has grown 400% from approximately 34,000 in 1948 to nearly 130,000 in 2005. [42] A strong majority of the Bethlehem population used to be Christian, now their numbers have dwindled to about 20%.
Ever since Hamas took over the Gaza Strip in June 2007, there have been reports of numerous brutal beatings of Christian Palestinians (often women and elderly people) and destruction of property of Christian places of worship by Muslim Palestinians.[43]
[edit] 11 Other Muslim nations
In Saudi Arabia Christians are arrested and lashed in public for practicing their faith openly.[44] Bibles and other non-Muslim religious books are captured, piled up and burned by the religious police of Saudi. No non-Muslims are allowed to become Saudi citizens. Prayer services by Christians are frequently broken up by the police and the Christians are arrested and tortured without even allowing them to be released on bail.
Though Iran recognizes Assyrian and Armenian Christians as a religious minority and awards them seats in Parliament, apostasy from Islam is punishable by death. [45]
In the Philippines, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and Abu Sayyaf has attacked and killed Christians.[46]
[edit] 12 See also
* Armenian Genocide
* Assyrian Genocide
* Criticism of Islam
* History of Arab Christians
* Islam and antisemitism
* Pontic Greek Genocide
* Simele massacre
[edit] 13 Notes
1. ^ Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages By Mark R. Cohen p.163-164 Princeton University Press ISBN 069101082X http://books.google.com/books?id=fgbib5exskUC&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=pact+of+umar+persecution&source=web&ots=3n2_jPfUaT&sig=84WheOBLDWY5dO-fLdhV8zMuHH4
2. ^ Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression pgs 135-140 By Mordechai Nisan published by Mcfarland ISBN 0786413751 http://books.google.com/books?id=keD9z1XWuNwC&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&dq=pact+of+umar+coptic&source=web&ots=FwbynKtyvJ&sig=fTHNCR_T7kqfM_nAzxJBDN7L7-8#PPA137,M1
3. ^ Tritton (1970); Lewis (1984), pp. 24–25; Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 48; Goddard (2000), p. 46
4. ^ Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 18 of 24 By James Hastings p. 767 ISBN 0766136957 http://books.google.com/books?id=ltJI5KhFTRUC&pg=PA767&lpg=PA767&dq=pact+of+umar+persecution+copts&source=web&ots=S4rpPaTdmi&sig=KTrTLD-W6cmyNZ_7fVbWQU4kbjA
5. ^ Tritton (1970); Lewis (1984), pp. 24–25; Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 48; Goddard (2000), p. 46
6. ^ Tritton (1970); Lewis (1984), pp. 24–25; Bat Ye’or (1985), p. 48; Goddard (2000), p. 46
7. ^ Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I, by David Gaunt, 2006
8. ^ The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans, p.195, By Sébastien de Courtois
9. ^ In Memory Of The 50 Million Victims Of The Orthodox Christian Holocaust.
10. ^ History of the Copts of Egypt
11. ^ History of THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
12. ^ History of BULGARIA
13. ^ Paroulakis, Peter H. (1984). The Greek War of Independence.
14. ^ Altruistic Suicide or Altruistic Martyrdom? Christian Greek orthodox Neomartyrs: A Case Study.
15. ^ The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies The New York Times.
16. ^ http://www.helleniccomserve.com/pdf/BlkBkPontusPrinceton.pdf
17. ^ "Q&A Armenian 'genocide'", British Broadcasting Corporation, 2006-10-12. Retrieved on 2006-12-29.
18. ^ Mango, Andrew (June 1988). "The Ottoman Armenians: Victims of Great Power Diplomacy (Book Review)". Asian Affairs Vol. 19 (Issue 2).
19. ^ United Nations document acknowledging receipt of a letter by the "International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples" titled "A people in continued exodus" (i.e. Pontian Greeks) and putting the letter into internal circulation (Dated 1998-02-24) (PDF file)
20. ^ Merrill D. Peterson, Starving Armenians: America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and After Merrill D. Peterson cites the death toll of 360,000 for the Greeks of Pontus
21. ^ G.K. Valavanis (1925). Contemporary General History of Pontos, 1st Edition. “The loss of human life among the Pontian Greeks, since the Great War (World War I) until March of 1924, can be estimated at 353,238, as a result of murders, hangings, and from hunger, disease, and other hardships."”
22. ^ The New York Times` editor V. Rockwell published an article in 1916, with the title of "The Number of Armenian and Assyrian Victims". In the article, he stated:
Not only the Armenians are unfortunate: the Assyrians were also wiped out and each tenth was murdered. [...] A lot of Assyrians perished but no one knows how many exactly....within six months the Young Turks managed to do what the "Old Turks" were not able to do during six centuries. [...] Thousands of Assyrians vanished from the face of the earth.
23. ^ Travis, Hannibal (2006). ""Native Christians Massacred": The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I". Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal vol. 1.3: pp. 334, 337-38.
24. ^ Speros Vryonis, The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul, New York: Greekworks.com 2005, ISBN 0-9747660-3-8
25. ^ The pogrom greatly accelerated emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region (the former Constantinople), reducing the 200,000-strong Greek minority in 1924 to just over 5,000 in 2005. According to figures presented by Prof. Vyron Kotzamanis to a conference of unions and federations representing the ethnic Greeks of Istanbul."Ethnic Greeks of Istanbul convene", Athens News Agency, 2 July 2006.
26. ^ Turkish parliament tries to avoid reopening Orthodox seminary|author=Associated Press|work=International Herald Tribune|date=2006-09-20[1]
27. ^ Lewis (1984), p. 52; Stillman (1979), p.77
28. ^ Bat Ye'or (2002), p. 88
29. ^ BBC News | MIDDLE EAST | Funerals for victims of Egypt clashes
30. ^ Guardian. "We're staying and we will resist"
31. ^ Time. "Iraq's Christians flock to Lebanon
32. ^ FOXnews . "Christians Fleeing Violence in Iraq"
33. ^ ReligiousTolerance.org Mass Crimes against Humanity and Genocide:Sudan
34. ^ http://www.missio-aachen.de/menschen-kulturen/nachrichten/Sangla_Hill_attack_continues_to_draw_condemnation.asp
35. ^ PAKISTAN Islamic extremists still unpunished 40 days after the Sangla Hill attack - Asia News
36. ^ International Christian Response: Cartoon Protestors in Pakistan Target Christians
37. ^ [www.persecution.org/whitepapers/indonesia-2002-06-01.html ]
38. ^ Christian Persecution in Arafat-land
39. ^ Persecuted Countries: Palestine - Persecution.org - International Christian Concern
40. ^ Militant group threatens Gaza Christians over pope's remarks - Haaretz - Israel News
41. ^ Palestinian Christians: An Historic Community at Risk?, by Don Wagner (Palestine Center - Information Brief No. 89, 12 March 2002) quoting Bethlehem University sociologist Bernard Sabella (see Palestinian Christians: Challenges and Hopes).
42. ^ Justus Reid Weiner "Christians Flee Growing Islamic Fundamentalism in the Holy Land" Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 6 December 2006. 27 December 2007.
43. ^ Abu Toameh, Khaled. "Gaza: Christian-Muslim tensions heat up." Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 25 September 2007. 5 October 2007.
44. ^ Persecuted Countries: Saudi Arabia - Persecution.org - International Christian Concern
45. ^ Iran Religious and Ethnic Minorities: Discrimination in Law And Practice. Human Rights Watch (1997). Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
46. ^ Philippines-Christian Persecution in Philippines
[edit] 14 References
* Al-Mawardi (2000). The Ordnances of Government (Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya w’al-Wilayat al-Diniyya). Lebanon: Garnet Publishing. ISBN 1-85964-140-7.
* Bat Ye'or (1985). The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam. Madison/Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-3262-9.
* Bat Ye'or (1996). The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam. From Jihad to Dhimmitude. Seventh-Twentieth Century. Madison/Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8386-3688-8.
* Goddard, Hugh (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Chicago: New Amsterdam Books. ISBN 1-56663-340-0.
* Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00807-8.
* Stillman, Norman (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 1-82760-198-1.
* Tritton, Arthur S. (1970). The Caliphs and their non-Muslim Subjects: a Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar. London: Frank Cass Publisher. ISBN 0-7146-1996-5.
[edit] 15 External links
* The Institute on Religion and Public Policy
* Oh God! Malaysian Christians barred from saying `Allah' by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News & Analysis, 25 December 2007
* Unreported World: Egypt's Rubbish People (Video showing persecution of Egyptian Christians at youtube)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_anti-Christian_persecution"
This page was last modified on 2008-03-08, at 11:03:42. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
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